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1
The Pharmacy Technician 4E

• Chapter 4
• Medical Terminology

2
Topic Outline

• Terminology
• Organ system terminology
• Cardiovascular System
• Endocrine System
• Gastrointestinal System
• Integumentary System
• Lymph and Blood Systems
• Muscular System

• Nervous System
• Skeletal System
• Female Reproductive System
• Respiratory System
• Urinary System
• Senses
• Drug Classifications
• Medical Abbreviations

3
Basic Elements of a Medical Word

• Medical science terminology is made up of a
  small number of ROOT words (mostly Greek and
  Latin words).
• Word Root
• Combining Form
• Suffix
• Prefix
• These four parts of a word are known as
  ELEMENTS.
• E.g. Peri o - dont ic (Periodontic around
  the teeth)

• Root
• Prefix Suffix
• C.V.

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Word Root

• Main part or foundation of a word.
• Identify what part of the body a term is related
  to.
• All words have at least one word root.
• A word root may be used alone or be combined with
  other elements to form a complete word.
• E.g. Gastr (word root) itis (suffix)
  GASTRITIS (complete word).

5
Terminology

• Most root words originate from either Greek or
  Latin words.
• Words developed from the Greek language are often
  used to refer to diagnosis and surgery.
• Words from the Latin language generally refer to
  the anatomy of the body.

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Root - Part of Body

• Pneum - lung
• Ocul - eye
• Derma - skin
• Ven - vein
• Mast - breast
• Oste - bone
• Nephr - kidney
• Ot - ear

• Card - heart
• Cyst - bladder
• Gastr - stomach
• Hemat - blood
• Hepat - liver
• My - muscle
• Pector chest
• Neur - nerve

7
Combining Forms

• Correct pronunciation of medical words is very
  important.
• In order to make the pronunciation of root words
  easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a
  vowel after the root.
• The combination of a root word and a vowel is
  known as a COMBINING FORM.
• O is the most common combining vowels

• IE gastr / o pronounced as GASTRO

Word root
Combining vowel
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Combining Words

• When a word has more than one root, a combining
  vowel is used to link the root to each other.
• E.g. osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis

Slashes separate elements
Word root
Word root
suffix
Combining vowel
9
Suffixes

• A suffix is added to the END of a word root or
  combining form to modify its meaning.
• Adding a suffix to the end of a word root,
  creates a noun or adjective with a different
  meaning.

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Meanings of certain suffixes

• -al pertaining to dent/al (pertaining to
  teeth)
• -er one who speak/er (one who speaks)
• -able capable of being playable (capable of
  being played)

11
Prefixes

• A syllable or syllables placed BEFORE a word or
  word root to alter its meaning or create a new
  word.
• Some prefixes
• Hyper- (excessive)
• Pre- (before)
• Post- (after)
• Homo- (same)
• Hypo- (under)

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Hypoinsulinemia

• Hypo / insulin / emia

Notice that there is no combining vowel in this
word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the
suffix begins with a vowel.
Prefix
suffix
Word root
BLOOD
LOW
INSULIN
13
Cardiovascular System

• The Cardiovascular System distributes blood
  throughout the body using blood vessels called
  arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• Blood transports nutrients to the bodys cells
  and carries waste products away from them.
• Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood
  cells, platelets, and plasma.
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen
  from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide
  from the cells to the lungs.
• Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial
  infections by producing antibodies.

14
Cardiovascular System Cont.

• The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular
  system.
• Blood pressures are reported as systole/diastole,
  i.e., 120/80.
• A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood
  pressure.
• Blood pressure is reported (in mm Hg) and
  includes two number sequence.
• Systolic phase is the increased pressure when
  blood is forced out of the heart.
• The diastolic phase, or relaxation phase, is the
  second number reported in blood pressure
  monitoring.

15
Cardiovascular System

• angi vessel
• aort aorta
• card heart
• oxy oxygen
• pector chest

• phleb vein
• stenosis narrowing
• thromb clot
• vas(cu) blood vessel
• ven vein

16
Cardiovascular System

• Cardiomyopathy disease of the heart muscle
• Myocardial concerning heart muscle
• Tachycardia abnormal rapid heart action
• Phlebitis inflammation of a vein
• Thrombosis blood clot
• Hypertension high blood pressure

17
The Endocrine System

• Consists of the glands that secrete hormones,
  chemicals that assist in regulating body
  functions.
• Includes the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands,
  the thyroid gland, and the gonads (ovaries and
  testes).
• Pituitary gland produces multiple hormones and
  is located at the base of the brain. It
  controls the bodys growth and the activity of
  the other glands.
• Thyroid gland located just below the larynx
  and releases hormones important for
  regulating body metabolism.

18
The Endocrine System Cont.

• Parathyroid glands located on the thyroid
  gland.
• Thymus gland located beneath the sternum.
• Pancreas known for its production of insulin
  and glucagon.
• Adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys
  and produce such hormones as aldosterone,
  cortisol (hydrocortisone), androgens, and
  estrogens.
• Medulla region adrenal glands produce the
  catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine)
  and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

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Endocrine System

• lipid fat
• Nephr kidney
• Thym thymus

• adrena adrenal
• gluc sugar
• panceat pancreas
• somat body

20
Endocrine System

• Hyperlipidemia high fat/lipids in the blood.
• Hypothyroidism a deficiency of thyroid hormone.
• Somatic pertaining to the body.

21
The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

• Located in the abdomen and contains the organs
  that are involved in the digestion of foods and
  the absorption of nutrients.
• Organs include the stomach, small and large
  intestine, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas.
• Alimentary tract refers to the system that goes
  from the mouth to the anus. It contains organs
  such as lips, tongue, teeth, salivary glands,
  pharynx, esophagus, rectum, and anus, in addition
  to the GI tract.
• Several organs contribute to the digestion of
  foods by secreting enzymes into the small
  intestine when food is present.
• Ducts carry bile from the liver (hepatic duct)
  and the gallbladder (cystic duct) to the
  duodenum.

22
Gastrointestinal Tract

• Consists of organs that are involved in digestion
  of foods and the absorption of nutrients
• Gastritis inflammation of the stomach.
• Gastroenteritis inflammation of the stomach
  and Hepatitis inflammation of the liver.
• Appendicitis inflammation of the appendix
• Colitis inflamed or irritable the intestinal
  tract colon
• Hematemesis vomiting of blood
• Diarrhea liquid bowel movement

23
Alimentary Tract

• esophag esophagus
• gastr stomach
• hepat liver
• lapar abdomen
• Pancreat pancreas

• chol bile
• col colon
• Duoden duodenum
• Enter intestine

24
The Integument System

• Refers to the covering of the body and is the
  bodys first line of defense, acting as a barrier
  against disease and physical hazards.
• Helps control body temperature by releasing heat
  through sweat or by constricting blood vessels to
  act as insulation.
• It includes the skin, hair, and nails. Hair is
  made of keratinized cells. Finger nails and
  toenails are also composed of keratin.
• The mammary glands, or breasts, are also
  considered part of the integumentary system.
• The skin is composed of the epidermis and dermis.
  The epidermis has no blood or nerves and is
  constantly discarding dead cells. The dermis,
  which is made of living cells, contains
  capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics. The dermis
  also contains the sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
  and hair.
• The subcutaneous layer of tissue is beneath the
  dermis but is closely interconnected to it. It
  separates the skin from the other organs (for
  example, the muscular system, as in the
  illustration).

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The Integument System The Integument System is
the covering of the body and the first line of
defense against diseases and physical hazards.

• necr death
• Derma skin
• cutane skin
• mast breast
• onych nail
• Myco fungal
• Lact milk

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The Integument System

• Dermatitis skin inflammation
• Erythrodemra abnormal redness of skin
• Lactation secretion of milk
• Mastectomy surgical removal of breast
• Onychomycosis fungal infection of nails
• Pachyderma abnormal thickness of skin
• Subcutaneous beneath the skin
• Transdermal through the skin

27
The Lymphatic System

• The Lymphatic System is the center of the bodys
  immune system and is responsible for collecting
  plasma water that leaves the blood vessels,
  filtering it for impurities through its lymph
  nodes.
• The Spleen is the largest organ in the system and
  is responsible for removing old red blood cells
  from the circulation.
• Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that
  attacks bacteria and disease cells by releasing
  antibodies.
• The thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are
  lymphoid organs outside the network of the
  lymphatic system.

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The Lymphatic System

• aden gland
• cyt cell
• hemo, hemat blood
• lymph lymph
• splen spleen
• Philia attraction of

29
The Lymphatic System

• Adenopathy lymph node disease
• Hematoma a collection of clotted blood
• Hemophilia a disease in which the blood does
  not clot normally
• Lymphoma lymphatic system tumor

30
The Muscular System

• Word muscles comes from musmouse clelittle
  and resembles a mouse moving under a cover.
• The body contains more than 600 muscles which
  give shape and movement to it.
• The skeletal muscles are striated, i.e. made up
  of fibers and attached to the bones by tendons.
• Voluntary action - the action of most muscles and
  is controlled consciously.
• Involuntary muscles operate automatically and are
  found in the heart, the stomach, or in the walls
  of blood vessels.
• Some muscles produce an outward or flexor
  movement and these are called agonist muscles.
• Antagonist muscles are the ones that contract or
  bring the limb back to the original position.

31
The Muscular System

• my muscle
• fibr fiber
• tendin tendon

32
The Muscular System

• Fibromyalgia chronic pain in the muscles
• Myoplasty plastic surgery of muscle tissue
• Tendonitis inflammation of a tendon

33
The Nervous System

• The Nervous System is the most complex of the
  body organ systems because there are over 100
  billion neurons in the brain alone.
• The neuron (nerve cell), the basic functional
  unit in this system, transmits information from
  the brain to the entire body.
• The primary parts of this system are the brain
  and the spinal cord, called the central nervous
  system (CNS).
• There are subdivisions of the peripheral nervous
  system called the autonomic nervous system and
  the somatic nervous system.
• The autonomic nervous system controls the
  automatic functions of the body, e.g., breathing,
  digestion, etc.
• The somatic nervous system controls the voluntary
  actions of the body, e.g., muscle movements.

34
The Nervous System

• Cereb cerebrum
• Encephal brain
• Mening menignes
• Myel spinal cord
• Neur nerve

35
The Nervous System

• Encephalitis inflammation of the brain
• Neuralgia severe pain in a nerve
• Neuroma tumor or nerve cells

36
The Skeletal System

• Protects soft organs and provides structure and
  support for the bodys organs.
• Contains 206 bones called axial (skull and spinal
  column).
• Ligaments and Cartilage are connective tissue
  that hold together the skeletal systems with
  joints.
• Joints range from rigid to those allowing full
  motion (e.g., the ball and socket joints of the
  hips and shoulders).

37
Skeletal System

• arthr joint
• Calcane heel bone
• carp wrist
• crani cranium
• Dactyl finger or toe
• femor thigh bone
• myel bone marrow

38
The Skeletal System

• Oste bone
• ped, pod foot
• pelv pelvis
• Spondy backbone
• stern sternum, breastbone
• Vertebr backbone, vertebrae

39
The Skeletal System

• Arthralgia joint pain
• Arthritis inflammation of a joint
• Carpal pertaining to carpus in the wrist
• Osteoarthritis chronic disease of bones

40
The Reproductive System

• The Reproductive System produces hormones (e.g.
  estrogen, progesterone), controls menstruation,
  and provides for childbearing.
• Contains the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes,
  ovaries, and the external genitalia.
• The mammary glands (located in breast tissue)
  produce and secrete milk at childbirth.
• The vagina is a muscular tube that leads from an
  external opening to the cervix and uterus.
• The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ.
• The fallopian tubes transport eggs from the ovary
  to the uterus.
• The ovaries are located on each side of the
  uterus.

41
The Female Reproductive System

• mast breast
• metr uterus
• ovari ovary
• uter uterine

• Gynec woman
• Hyster uterus
• lact milk

42
The Female Reproductive System

• Gynecology the study of the female
  reproductive organs
• Amenorrhea absence of menstruation
• Dysmenorrhea menstrual pain
• Endometriosis abnormal growth of uteral tissue
• Viginities inflammation of the vagina

43
The Male Reproductive System

• The Male Reproductive System produces sperm and
  secretes the hormone testosterone.
• The testes (also called testicles) are the
  primary male sex organs.
• They are oval-shaped organs enclosed in the
  scrotum.
• The seminal glands, located at the base of the
  bladder, produce part of the seminal fluid.
• The Vas Deferens are ducts that allow the passage
  of the sperm from the testes.
• The prostate gland is located at the upper end of
  the urethra.
• The penis (glans penis) is the external organ for
  urination and sexual intercourse.
• The urethra, by which urine and semen leave the
  body, is inside the penis.

44
The Male Reproductive System

• Andr male
• test testicle
• Prostat prostate gland
• Sperm sperm
• vas duct, vessel
• Vasicul seminal vesicles

45
The Male Reproductive System

• Prostatitis inflammation of prostate
• Aspermia inability to produce semen

46
The Respiratory System

• The Respiratory System brings oxygen into the
  body through inhalation and expels carbon dioxide
  gas through exhalation. It produces sound for
  speaking and helps cool the body.
• Respiratory muscles (especially the diaphragm)
  expand the lungs automatically, causing air to be
  inhaled into the upper respiratory tract.
• The pleural cavity surrounds the lungs and
  provides lubrication for respiration.
• The pharynx directs food into the esophagus and
  air into the trachea.
• The larynx contains the vocal cords.
• The trachea, or windpipe, connects to the two
  bronchi (bronchial tubes) that enter the lungs.
• As air enters through the nose, it is warmed,
  moistened, and filtered. Inside the lungs, the
  bronchial tubes branch out and lead to the
  alveolar sacs that are the site of gas exchange
  within the lungs.
• Alveoli are specialized tissues that are
  responsible for the exchange of gases between the
  blood and inhaled air.

47
The Respiratory System

• aer, aero air, gas
• pneum, pulmon lung
• pector chest
• Bronch bronchus
• ox oxygen
• capnia carbon dioxide

48
The Respiratory System

• Apnea temporary failure to breath
• Bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial
  membrane
• Cynosis blue discoloration of the skin
• Hypercapnia excessive carbon dioxide in the
  blood
• Hypoxia low blood oxygen level
• Pneumonia inflammation of the lungs
• Sinusitits inflammation of the sinuses

49
The Urinary Tract

• The Urinary Tract is responsible for removing
  wastes from the blood and includes the kidneys,
  ureters, urinary bladder, and urethras.
• The Kidney is the primary organ of the urinary
  tract.
• The Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
  There are several million nephrons in the
  kidneys.
• Urine is produced as plasma water and is filtered
  through the glomerulus, the filtrate is then
  collected in the tubule.
• Waste materials from the blood may also be
  filtered into the tubule or may be secreted into
  the tubule at sites other than the glomerulus.
• Urine is the filtrate that moves along the
  tubule.
• Urine leaves the kidney through the ureters and
  collects in the bladder. It is excreted from the
  bladder through the urethra.

50
The Urinary Tract

• cyst bladder
• vesic bladder
• ren kidney
• nephr kidney
• uria urine

51
The Urinary Tract

• Anuria inability to produce urine
• Cystitis inflammation of the bladder
• Nephritis inflammation of the kidney
• Polyuria excessive urination
• Uremia toxic blood condition caused by kidney
  failure

52
The Ears

• The Ears perform hearing, as well as the
  maintenance of body equilibrium.
• The External ear functions to capture sound waves
  and channels them inside the ear.
• The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is a
  funnel-shaped structure with an opening to
  outside. It contains glands that make earwax
  (cerumen) that protects the external ear.
• Malleus, incus, and stapes are three bony
  structures that transmit sound from a vibrating
  tympanic membrane to the cochlea and located in
  the middle ear.
• The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to
  the nose and throat, serving to equalize the air
  pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.
• The labyrinth is the principal structure in the
  inner ear is which consists of the vestibule, the
  cochlea, and the semicircular canals.
• The cochlea contains the organ of hearing. When
  sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea, it
  converts them into nerve impulses that are sent
  to the brain for interpretation. The semicircular
  canals and the vestibule are primarily
  responsible for body equilibrium.

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Senses Hearing

• Belphar eyelid
• cor pupil
• lacrim tear
• corne cornea
• rein retina
• bi two
• opia vision

54
The Eyes

• The Eyes are the organs that provide sight.
• The eyelids protect the eye and assist in its
  lubrication.
• The conjunctiva is the blood-rich membrane
  between the eye and the eyelid.
• There are several glands that secrete fluids to
  protect and lubricate the eye the lacrimal
  glands above each eye secrete tears and the
  meibomian glands produce sebum.
• Canalicula (tear ducts) drains excess fluid into
  the eye.
• The eye has three layers. The outer layer is
  composed of the sclera and the cornea.
• The sclera is the white part of the eye. The
  cornea is transparent so the iris (the color of
  the eye) and the pupil (the opening of the eye)
  are visible.
• The middle layer is called the choroid and
  contains blood vessels that nourish the entire
  eye.
• In the third layer, the lens focuses light rays
  on the retina.
• The vitreous humor (one of two fluids in the eye)
  fills the space between the retina and the lens.
• Rods and cones within the retina they are
  responsible for visual reception.
• The optic nerve within the retina transmits the
  nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation.

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Senses Sight

• Blepharitis inflammation of the eyelid
• Conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva
• Retinitis inflammation of the retina

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Drug Classifications anti means Against

• Antacid relieves gastritis, ulcer pain,
  heartburn, indigestion
• Antianginals relieves heart pain
• Anticoagulants dissolves or prevents blood clots
• Anticonvulsants prevents seizures
• Antidepressantsprevents depression
• Antidiarrheals stops diarrhea (loose stool)
• Antiemetics prevents nausea and vomiting

57
Drug Classifications anti means Against

• Antihistamine blocks the effects of histamine
• Antihyperlipidemia lowers high cholesterol
• Antihypertensive reduces high blood pressure
• Anti-inflammatory reduces inflammation
• Antipruritics prevents or relieves itching
• Antispasmodics relieves intestinal cramping
• Antitussive relieves coughing

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Other Classes

• Decongestant
• de Conges tant
• reduce nasal congestion
• Analgesic
• an alges ic
• without pain, pain killer
• Hypoglycemic
• hypo glyc emic reduces blood sugar level

• hypolipidemic
• hypo lipid emic
• reduces cholesterol or lipid levels
• Contraceptive
• contra cep tive
• prevents pregnancy
• Spermicide
• sperm I cide
• kills sperm

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Pharmacy Abbreviations

• Most common abbreviations
• Route
• Form
• Time
• Measurement

60
Abbreviations

• ad right ear
• as left ear
• au each ear
• IM intramuscular
• IV intravenous
• od right eye
• os left eye
• ou each eye
• po by mouth
• sl sublingually

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Abbreviations

• elix elixir
• supp suppository
• ung ointment
• ac before meals
• pc after meals
• hs at bedtime
• qd every day
• prn as needed
• qid four times a day
• tid three times a day
• bid two times a day

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Abbreviations

• gtt
• gm
• gr
• l
• mcg
• mg
• meq
• ml
• qs
• disp

• drop
• gram
• grain
• liter
• microgram
• milligram
• milliequivalent
• milliliter
• a sufficient quantity
• dispense

63
Terms to Remember

• 1. Through the Skin
• 2. Blood Tumor
• 3. Ven
• 4. Ot
• 5. Gastr
• 6. Hardening of Artery
• 7. Muscle Repair
• 8. Otalgia
• 9. Liver Tumor
• 10. Card
• 11. Cyst
• 12. Derma
• 13. Loss Of Appetite

• 14. Hemat
• 15. Hepat
• 16. Mast
• 17. Increase In White Blood Cells
• 18. Nephr
• 19. Neur
• 20. Ocul
• 21. Oste
• 22. Brain Inflammation
• 23. Pector
• 24. Pneum
• 25. My

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Terms to Remember

• 36. Lacrimal gland
• 37. Lymphocytes
• 38. Nephron
• 39. Neuron
• 40. Osseous tissue
• 41. Prefix
• 42. Retina
• 43. Root word
• 44. Suffix
• 45. Systolic phase
• 46. Tympanic membrane

• 26. Alimentary tract
• 27. Alveoli
• 28. Combining vowel
• 29. Conjunctiva
• 30. Cornea
• 31. Diastolic phase
• 32. Endocrine system
• 33. Eustachian tube
• 34. Flexor movement
• 35. Integumentary system