Instrumentation importance, characteristics and case studies

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Instrumentation importance, characteristics and
case studies
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Instrumentation importance, characteristics and
case studies

• Presented To
• Dr. Ing- Naveed Ramzan
• Presented By
• Adnan Ali
• 2007-Chem-50

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Instrumentation importance, characteristics and
case studies

• The advent and rapid growth of automation in
  process
• industry owes to the demand of precise
  measurement
• and control.
• This leads to
• economic viability of process
• mass production

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Importance of Instrumentation

• Measurement is an integral way of interaction
  among
• humanity and physical world.
• It provides us a dependable and reproducible path
  of quantifying the world in which we live.
• Instrumentation is done for the sake of
  obtaining the required information pertaining to
  the completion of a process.

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Importance of Instrumentation

• The basic variables need to be measured in a
• process plant are
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Level
• Flow rate
• pH

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Importance of Instrumentation

• Temperature
• The temperature control comes from the
• quality control too.
• In some units like plate type distillation column
• In chemical reactors

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Importance of Instrumentation

• Pressure
• For the safety of process plant personnel and
• protection of the vessels, and equipments
• Key operations like vapor-liquid equilibrium,
  chemical
• reaction rate, and fluid flow
• Inferential variable to measure other quantities
  like level

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Importance of Instrumentation

• Level
• Inventory Management
• Continuous supply of materials and
  for storage
• Control
• For operations like blending, and
  mixing and control and stabilization of flow
  to the next process units.
• Alarming
• High or low limits and safety shut
  downs etc.
• Data Logging
• For data logging and billing purposes

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Importance of Instrumentation

• pH
• It is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity
  of
• liquids
• to measure
• concentration of solutions inferentially.
• As per
• rules of Environmental Protection Agency the
• drinking water, wastes or pollutants coming out
  of a
• plant should not exceed certain pH level.

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Importance of Instrumentation

• The importance of instrumentation can be
• summarized as follows
• Production specifications
• Product quality
• Economics
• Operational constraints
• Environmental regulations
• Safety
• Suppressing external influences

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Performance Characteristics of Instrumentation

• These characteristics are broken down into two
• main categories.
• Static characteristics
• 2. Dynamic characteristics

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Static Characteristics

• The static characteristic of an instrument
  includes
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Repeatability
• Reproducibility
• Tolerance
• Range

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Static Characteristics

• g) Span
• h) Linearity
• i) Sensitivity
• j) Threshold
• k) Resolution
• l) Drift
• m) Hysteresis
• n) Dead Space

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Dynamic Characteristics

• The dynamic characteristics of an instrument
  describe
• its behavior between measured quantity changes
  and
• the time when the instrument output attains a
  steady
• value in response.
• Such characteristics are
• Speed of response
• Fidelity
• Lag
• Dynamic response

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Case Studies
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Bitumen storage tank
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Case Studies

• Challenge 1
• An asphalt production plant in southwest US have
  a
• bitumen storage tank. The costumer had been using
  a TDR
• type (Time dependent reflection) instrument but
  they were
• not satisfied with the performance. Those
  instruments
• were not accurate and several needed replacement
• when sensor got caught in the mixer and pulled
  out of the
• electronics. A combination of delivery
  temperatures higher
• than 180 C (356 F) and the thick viscous nature
  of bitumen
• is problematic.

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Municipal irrigation water distribution
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Case Studies

• Challenge 2
• Different pumps are used to provide the necessary
• flow required for the distribution system. As the
• different pumps or combination of pumps are used,
• the customer wanted to monitor pump efficiency
• by monitoring the continuous flow in cubic feet
  per
• second (cfs). The customer was considering a
• magnetic flow meter, but the initial cost for a
• magnetic flow tube that was large enough was
• more than they wanted to spend.

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Case Studies

• Challenge 3
• An ammonium nitrate fertilizer manufacturer was
• lacking a pH sensor that offered accurate
  measurement
• in high-temperature inline acid and ammonia
• environments, resulting in under reacted
  chemicals with
• lower production yields. The extreme process
  conditions
• resulted in limited lifetime for the sensor
  which rarely
• exceeded days or weeks in the reactor and only
• functioned for up to a month.

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PNA 6241/6441-873-10 Inline pH Sensor
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References

• Books Consulted
• Patranabis, D., Principles of Industrial
  Instrumentation, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,
  2nd Ed., Ch.1.
• Survey, W., G. and Andrew, H., B., Applied
  Instrumentation in Process Industries, Williams
  Gulf Publishing Company, Vol. 1, Ed. 2.
• Fribance, A., E., Industrial Instrumentation
  Fundamentals, Mc Graw Hill Inc.
• Stephanopoulos, G., Chemical Process Control- An
  Introduction to Theory and Practice, P T R
  Prantice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
• Morris, S., A., Measurement and Instrumentation
  Principle, Butterworth Heinemann Publishers, Ch.
  2, Pg. 16-21, 2001.
• Singh, S., K., Industrial Instrumentation and
  Control, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education Private
  Limited, New Delhi, Ed. 3, 2009.

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References

• Web Links
• http//www.scribd.com/doc/38865900/1st-Lec,
  retrieved on 13.10.2010
• http//pec.org.pk/sCourse_files/APCS/AppliedProces
  sControlSystems.pdf, retrieved on 13.10.2010
• http//water.epa.gov/drink/info/index.cfm,
  retrieved on 10.10.2010
• http//fluidinpipe.com/sensors.html, retrieved on
  16.10.2010
• http//www.sea.siemens.com/us/internet-dms/ia/Proc
  essInstruments/Level/docs_RadarLevel/LR250_Asphalt
  _Case_Study_SII.pdf, retrieved on 31.10.2010
• http//www.sea.siemens.com/us/internet-dms/ia/Proc
  essInstruments/Level/docs_UltrasonicLevel/Irrigati
  onSonokit_CaseStudy.pdf, retrieved on 31.10.2010
• http//www.astisensor.com/Case_Study_1.pdf,
  retrieved on 08.10.2010