Manifest Destiny

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Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny

• First coined by newspaper editor, John
  OSullivan in 1845.

• ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over
  spread and to possess the whole of the
  continent which Providence has given us for
  the development of the great experiment of
  liberty and federaltive development of
  self-government entrusted to us. It is right
  such as that of the tree to the space of air
  and the earth suitable for the full expansion of
  its principle and destiny of growth."

• A myth of the West as a land of romance and
  adventure emerged.

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Manifest Destiny

• T---Texas
• OOregon
• M---Mexican War

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• Most Americans were satisfied temporarily with
  the acquisition of La. Purchase and Florida
• By the 1840s Americans were expansion minded
• Many believed the nation was destined to spread
  to the Pacific Coast---or over the entire
  continent

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Why?

• Land hungry Americans who eyed tracts of rich but
  sparsely settled lands
• Patriots feared British designs upon such land
• Eastern merchants that traded with Asia needed
  ports on the Pacific Coast
• Nationalismspread freedom and American
  greatness
• Northerners saw it as way to end slavery

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Moving West

• Increase in transportation was viewed by
  speculators as a source of wealth
• Others saw the West as a way to get rich
• (fur trappers, mountain-men, gold seekers)
• Most images of the West come from pop culture
• Kit CarsonJeremiah Johnson

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John Jacob Astor

• German immigrant
• Set up trading posts that extended from St. Louis
  to the Pacific
• Richest man in America by 1848

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The Attraction to the West

• Economic prosperity
• Cheap land
• New Englanders moved due to a lack of farmland

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Who and Were

• Texas1820 to 1830
• Led by Stephen F. Austin
• The Spanish gave land grants for all willing to
  convert an NO SLAVERY
• SFA charged 12 ½ cents per acre filing fee

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Oregon

• Established by Protestant Missionaries
• Encouraged by the Methodist Church
• The trek began in St. Louis
• Claimed be both Great Britain and the US

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British Claims

• Voyages of Sir Francis Drake
• Voyages of Cook and Vancouver
• Activities of the Hudson Bay Company

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US Claims

• Discovery of the Columbia River in 1792
• Discoveries of Lewis and Clark
• Activities of John Jacob Astor
• American population5,000 by 1845
• Oregon was a campaign issue of Polklater the
  issue was resolved

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Utah

• Settled by the Mormons (Great BasinSalt Lake)
• Originally led by Joseph Smith (went from NY to
  Ill)
• Brigham Youngled followers to the Great Salt
  Lake
• Mormons needed land for large families-Polygamy
• The land was owned by God

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California-SW

• Originally settled by the Spanish as a series of
  missions

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• People that moved west were not trying to create
  a new lifestyle---they really wanted to recreate
  the lives they left behind
• Migrants were limited by geography

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Geography

• Life was hardeveryone had to pitch in
• Some land was Indian land that was left behind
• Indian tensionsMarcus and Narcissa Whitman were
  missionaries that were murdered

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Obstacles

• Europeans owned large parts of NA
• Disputed boundaries-Maine and Canada
• Oregon questions with GB

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Aroostook War, 1839

• The only war ever declared by a state.
• Between the Canadian region of New
  Brunswick and the state of Maine.
• Cause The expulsion of Canadian lumberjacks
  in
• the disputed area of Aroostook
  by Maine
• officials.
• Congress called up 50,000 men and voted for
  10,000,000 to pay for the war.
• General Winfield Scott arranged a truce, and a
• border commission was convened to resolve the
  
• issue.

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Maine Boundary Settlement, 1842
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Texas Independence (1836-1845)
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Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston(1793-1863)
Steven Austin(1793-1836)
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Texas

• Mexico was granted independence in 1821
• Most settlers ignored Mexican law (slavery)
• 1833-SFA went to Mexico City to ask the gov. to
  ease up on settlers
• Gen. Santa Anna seized control of the gov. and
  declared himself Napoleon of the West

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Texas

• Santa Anna wanted to enforce Mexican lawTexans
  revolted and appointed Sam Houston
• c-i-c
• Santa Anna captured the town of Goliad and moved
  onto San Antonio The Alamo (Davy Crockett)
• The final battle occurred at San Jacinto-Santa
  Anna was forced to surrender and recognize Texan
  independence

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Texas

• Sam Houston was appointed President of the Lone
  Star Republic and asked the US to annex Texas
• Jackson and Van Buren put it off
• Tyler wanted to annex Texas---J.Q. Adams led a
  filibuster to block annexation (slave
  territories)
• Texas was a presidential campaign

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Texas

• Henry Clay straddled the issue
• James K. Polk demanded annexation
• Tyler suggested a joint resolution
• Treaties require a 2/3 vote
• J.R. require a majority
• Texas was annexed by a joint resolution in 1845

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Election of 1840

• Martin Van Buren
• William Henry Harrison (John Tyler)
  Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
  Van, Van is a used up man
• Harrison dies within a month

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Election of 1844

• Polk -----54º 40, or Fight!
• C---California
• O---Oregon
• I---Independent Treasury
• L---Lowering the Tariff
• Polk was a Dark Horse Candidate

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The Oregon Dispute 54 40º or Fight!

• By the mid-1840s,Oregon Fever was spurred on
  by the promise of free land.

• The joint British- U. S. occupation ended in
  1846.

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1844 Election Results
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The Mexican War (1846-1848)
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The Slidell Mission Nov., 1845

• Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as
  the TX-US border.
• US would forgive American citizensclaims
  against the Mexican govt.
• US would purchase the New Mexicoarea and
  California.

John Slidell
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The War

• Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to the Rio
  Grandebattle ensued
• Polk wanted a declaration of war---American blood
  had been shed on American soil
• Northern Whigs opposed the war (A. Lincoln)
• See chart for key events

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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico!

• Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio
  Grande River.
• Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico.
• U. S. gave Mexico 15,000,000 and agreed to pay
  the claims of American citizens against
  Mexico(over 3,500,000).

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Wilmot Proviso, 1846
Provided, territory from that, as an express
and fundamental condition to the acquisition of
any the Republic of Mexico by the United States,
by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated
between them, and to the use by the Executive of
the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery
nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in
any part of said territory, except for crime,
whereof the party shall first be duly convicted.
Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)
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Results of the Mexican War?

• The 17-month war cost 100,000,000 and
  13,000American lives (mostly of disease).
• New territories were brought into the Union which
  forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the
  center of national politics.Most Northerners saw
  the war as a way to extend slavery
• Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land
  (incl. TX)
• 3. These new territories would upset the
  balance of power between North and South.
• 4. Created two popular Whig generals who ran
  for President.
• 5. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

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The Mexican War (1846-1848)
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Manifest Destiny in the South

• Polk tried to purchase Cuba for 100
  million-Spain refused
• Franklin Pierce (1852) sent three delegates to
  Ostend, Belgium to buy Cuba the plan was leaked
  to the press and Pierce was forced to drop it
• William Walker-1853 failed attempt to take Baja
  California-1855 took over Nicaraugua-executed in
  1860 by Honduran authorities

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Expansionist Young America in the 1850s
Americas Attempted Raids into Latin America
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Manifest Destiny in the South

• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
• Concerned the building of a canal through Central
  America
• Great Britain and the US wanted to control the
  canal-but agreed neither country would take
  complete control
• This treaty was replaced by the Hay-Pauncefote
  Treaty of 1901

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Gadsden Purchase

• President Pierce was able to add a strip of land
  in the Southwest for the railroad (1853)
• Purchased from Mexico for 10 million
• Added land in New Mexico and Arizona

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Territorial Growth to 1853
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Economic Expansion

• Industrial Expansion
• Before 1840 the factory system had been
  concentrated in New England
• After 1840 the factory system began to spread
  throughout the Northeast
• The invention of the sewing machine helped close
  down cottage industries
• Communication was changed with the creation of
  the telegraph (1844-Samuel F.B. Morse)

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Railroads

• Canal building (1820s-1830s) was replaced by rail
  lines
• Expansion of the railroad was popular-local
  farmers and merchants bought stock in the
  railroads
• All areas of the US could be linked

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Foreign Commerce

• The growth of manufacturing and agriculture
  helped lead to a growth in exports and imports
• Other reasons for growth in trade
• 1.Shipping companies began to use schedules
• 2.Demand for whale oil
• 3.Improvements and new designs for ships
• 4.Steamships began to emerge
• 5.The opening of Japan (Comm. Perry) in 1854

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Panic of 1857

• The economic boom ended with a panic
• Serious drop in prices especially for mid-western
  farmers
• Unemployment in the north
• The South was affected less-cotton prices
  remained high