Africa

1
Africa

• Chapters 18-20

2
Section 1

• Africa is the worlds second largest continent
• It is often referred to as a plateau continent

3
Section 1

• Within the plateau are many basins
• Can be as many as 625 miles across and 5,000 feet
  deep!
• Water collects in these basins and feeds rivers

4
Rivers and Lakes

• Worlds longest river Nile
• 4,000 miles
• Has provided irrigation for thousands of years
• Population density along the Nile in Egypt
• 3,320 psm
• 177 psm elsewhere

5
Rivers and Lakes

• There are many features along the rivers of
  Africa
• 2,900 mile Congo River is a great example
• Cataracts (waterfalls)
• Indirect rivers / Meandering
• Niger River

6
Landforms

• Rift Valleys formed by the pulling apart of
  continental plates
• East Africa is pulling away from the rest of
  Africa
• Lakes form in rift valleys
• Some can be almost 5,000 feet deep! (Tanganyika)
• However some (Victoria) are only a couple hundred
  feet deep but very wide!

7
Mountains

• Mainly volcanic mountains
• Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya
• Volcanic Rock also covers the Great Escarpment
• Marks the edge of the continents plateau in
  Southern Africa
• Escarpment steep slope with a nearly flat
  plateau on top

8
Wealth of Resources

• One of the worlds richest continents
• Diamonds, chromium, copper, etc.
• South Africa very wealthy
• 80 percent of worlds platinum
• 30 percent of worlds gold
• Economic prosperity has not been evident for all
  of its population
• Colonial rule in Africa

9
Oil

• Libya, Nigeria, Algeria, and Angola produce 7
  percent of the worlds oil together
• Ethnic differences in Angola prevent it from
  prospering
• Money is spent on Civil War

10
Diversity of Resource

• Coffee, after oil, is Africas most precious
  commodity
• Few Africans drink it
• Logging is another resource
• Every year, an area twice the size of NJ is
  cleared out
• Agriculture is the MOST important economic
  activity

11
Section 2

• Deserts -
• Sahara Desert 3,000 miles by 1,200 miles
• 136.4 degrees in Summer / Below freezing at night
• 20 percent sand
• The rest is rocks, mountains, gravelly plains
• Travel with camels
• Aquifers / Oasis / Mirage

12
The Tropics

• Africa has a large tropical area
• 90 percent lies within the Tropics
• There is very little temperature change here
  during seasonal change

13
Sunshine / Rainfall

• Rainfall is a matter of extremes
• Dependant upon the location
• Desert / Dry
• Equator / Longer Rainy Season
• Central Africa consistent rain
• Elsewhere based on rainy seasons

14
Rain

• Rain may not fall in the Sahara for years
• West coast receives enough rain for floods

15
Grassy Continent

• Tropical Grassland
• Serengeti Plain
• Dry climate / Hard soil no trees
• Largest numbers of land migrations

16
Africas Extremes

• Rain Forests
• Congo Basin
• 100 different kinds of trees, some undiscovered
  things
• Living things decompose quickly / humidity from
  the canopy
• Animals in the rain forest (p. 423)
• Slash and burn agriculture
• All areas of Africa have a variety of vegetation
• Mangrove tree roots
• Pine forests

17
Section 3

• Sahel shore of the desert
• Grassland on edge of Sahara
• Desertification
• Human causes
• Results of desertification

18
Nigeria

• Oil
• Pros and Cons
• High oil prices put Nigeria flush
• Borrowed against assumed consistent prices
• Oil bottomed out and Nigeria owed billions
• Became poorer than before their discovery of oil
• Various reasons

19
Destroying the Land and the People

• Thousands of oil spills, fires, etc.
• Bandits

20
Controlling the Nile

• In an effort to control their most valuable
  resource, Egyptians built the first Aswan Dam in
  1902
• Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser
• Irrigation
• 3 Harvests a year

21
Dam Problems

• Many people were relocated during construction
• Ancient relics were flooded or lost
• No more silt
• Rising water table salt
• Malaria, mosquitoes, evaporation off Lake Nasser
• The verdict is still out on the dam

22
East Africa

• East Africa Cradle of Civilization
• Olduavi Gorge 2 million year old fossils
• Continental Crossroads
• Aksum on the Red Sea
• Traded with the Romans
• Competition rose, which led to diffusion of ideas

23
Colonization

• Berlin Conference set boundaries and combined
  peoples who were often times traditional enemies
• Often cited as a root cause for modern problems
  in Africa

24
Colonization

• Ethiopia was able to fend off Italys attempt
• Knowledge of the land (Am. Rev.)

25
Conflict in East Africa

• Rwanda Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups
• Genocide Attempts Mid-90s

26
Farming and Tourism

• East Africa 70 percent rural
• Reliant on cash crops
• Coffee, tea, sugar
• Pros and cons of cash crops
• Switch from rural to urban
• Addis Ababa

27
Tourism and Wealth

• Parks for safari tourists
• Big game hunting
• Land usage of parks

28
Culture

• 2 Major ethnic groups in East Africa
• Masai and Kikuyu

29
Health Care

• AIDS pandemic
• Could reduce populations by up to 20 percent or
  more in some countries

30
West Africa

• Goree Island Slave trade hub
• Human Perspective p. 442

31
Trading Empires

• West Africa is a cultural hearth
• Due to trading empires
• Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
• Gold and salt
• Thrived because of location
• Settled in areas after being nomadic
• Ghana gt Mali gt Songhai
• History of violence

32
Stateless Society

• W. Africa has many different cultures and people
• Stateless society relies on family lineages
• Work through cooperation and compromise
• Stateless societies disappeared after
  colonization

33
West Africa Economics

• Trade is still very important
• Ghana relies on exports of minerals
• PCI 1,900 dollars
• After colonialism Ghana had many problems
• Since Democracy has been instilled
• Sierra Leone worst conditions
• 31 percent literacy rate
• Only 800 miles of roads
• Political instability and civil war plague Sierra
  Leone

34
Cultural Symbols

• Ashanti crafts
• Kente cloth woven geometric figures from
  special fabric (asasia)
• Wooden carvings masks, stools
• Intricate and symbolic
• Benin Art kingdom of Benin in Nigeria
• Benin bronzes
• Known for creating metal and terra cotta objects

35
Music

• Blend of many forms
• Blues, jazz, reggae
• All had their origins in West Africa
• Many original instruments (kora)
• King Sunny and the Africa Beats

36
Central Africa

• Bantu Migrations
• Mantu, a nomadic, migratory people spread through
  central Africa
• Spread their culture and ideas
• Slave Trade
• Sao Tome
• Origins of slave trade

37
Start of Colonialism

• Central Africa had many different culture groups
• Geography made travel rough, culture unchanged
• King Leopold II (Belgium) changed all that
• Access by Congo River
• Paved the way for the Berlin Conference
• Too many natural resources to pass on
• Do cultures change by choice or force?

38
Effects of Colonialism

• The changing of the borders
• Long standing arrangements demolished
• Centralized govt took over stateless societies
• Abuse of power

39
Economic Legacy

• Removal of raw materials with no trickle down
  effects
• No development
• Postcolonialism left much of Africa in disarray
• The Democratic Republic of the Congo was still
  struggling politically into the new millennium

40
Central Africa Art

• Western influences in African art were banned in
  the mid to late 1900s
• Focus is still on ways of life and politics
• Fang Sculpture
• White mask with black features
• Picasso 1907
• Skull and bone housing boxes
• Decorated with figures for protection

41
Education

• Shortage of trained teachers
• High dropout rate / low literacy rate
• Language barriers

42
Education

• Cameroon school is done at age 12 for most kids
• Education is improving
• Taught about many things
• Focus on occupational topics
• Diseases and prevention

43
Southern Africa

• A variety of things shape South Africa
• Colonialism
• Trade
• Tribal cultures
• Etc.

44
Southern Africa

• Great Zimbabwe
• Evidence that even the best civilizations fail
• Successful trading center
• For reasons unknown it was abandoned around the
  time Columbus discovered the New World

45
Southern Africa

• Mutapa Empire
• An extension of Great Zimbabwe (legend)
• Declined as a result of increasing European
  influence

46
Southern Africa

• Europeans expanded through Africa
• Competition for land
• The Zulu made the last big stand for South Africa
  and were defeated by the British in the 1800s
• The British then defeated the Dutch in the Boer
  Wars in S. Africa

47
Apartheid

• Complete separation of races
• No social contact between white and black
• 1912 formation of African National Congress
• 1949 Nelson Mandela is head of ANC
• Imprisoned
• 1980s brought outspoken call for change from the
  rest of the world
• 1984 F.W. DeKlerk became President and proposed
  change
• Mid 90s new election Mandela wins
• Democracy is instilled

48
Economics

• Some of the most advanced economics in all of
  Africa
• Many countries struggling for equal treatment for
  black people

49
Economics

• South Africa 2 economies
• Due to inequalities in its history
• 1. modern, industrial cities
• 2. shantytowns and poor communities
• Both ends of the extreme
• Government still faces problems because of land
  distribution and housing shortageds

50
Economics

• Botswana
• After independence from Britain per capita income
  was 69.00
• In 1997 it had risen to 3,900.00
• Wealth is based on minerals (diamonds)
• Unequal distribution of wealth
• P. 456

51
AIDS in Southern Africa

• Life expectancy is dropping
• A quarter of the population or more has the HIV
  virus

52
Celebrations

• Many comparisons to our Native Americans
• Gule wa makulu
• Vimbuzza
• Benji
• Hira gasy festival

53
Living in Southern Africa

• Johannesburg is one of the largest cities on the
  continent
• Small mining town now home to 6 million
• Apartheid helped it to develop into two cities
• Extreme diversity of the individual in Southern
  Africa
• A large mix of traditional and modern lifestyle