Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.

1
Middle Ages 500-1500 A.D.

• Development of
• France and England

2
Development of France and England

• Germanic tribes
• migrate across Europe
• push/pull factors
• herders and farmers
• different culture from Romans
• carve Western Europe into small kingdoms

3
Development of France

• Franks 400-700 A.D.
• strongest of Germanic tribes
• Clovis
• conquered Gaul
• united Franks in central Europe
• converted to Christianity
• (religion of Gaul people)
• supported by Pope
• Merovingians

4
Development of France

• Charles Martel
• Carolingian
• rallied Frankish warriors against Moors (Muslims)
• Battle of Tours 732 A.D.
• Charles Martel stopped Muslim advance into Europe
• Pope pleased with Carolingians
• (Muslims were threat to papacy)

5
Development of France

• Charlemagne
• Hero of Middle Ages
• (Holy Barbarian, Charles the Great)
• 46 year reign loved to battle
• organized kingdom of Franks with laws
• builds empire
• conquests reunited much of old Roman empire
• In 800, Pope Leo III asks for help with nobles
  rebelling in Rome
• Frankish armies crush rebellion
• crowned Holy Roman Emperor for helping pope
• Christmas day 800 in Rome
• thus was born the Holy Roman Empire

6
Development of France

• Charlemagne
• wanted a united Christian Europe
• worked with Church to spread Christianity
• appointed powerful nobles to rule regions
• gave them land (fiefs)
• missi dominici
• officials sent out by Charlemagne
• controlled provincial rulers (nobles)
• ordered one of first great migrations
• made hundreds of thousands move to Russia
• if they didnt want to become Christians

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Charlemagne
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Development of France

• Treaty of Verdun in 843 A.D.
• divided empire Italy, Germany, France
• Feudalism and manorialsim flourished
• feudal warfare
• Successors to Charlemagne had little power over
  great feudal nobles

9
Development of England

• Angles, Saxons, and Vikings settled in England
• Feudalism developed
• English rulers kept kingdom united
• 1066 King Edward the Confessor dies
• no heir
• council of nobles chose Harold

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Development of England

• Duke William of Normandy
• claims throne
• raises army
• backed by pope
• Battle of Hastings in 1066
• William and knights defeat King Harold
• last invasion of England

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Battle of Hastings
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Development of England

• Bayeux Tapestry
• chronicles Norman conquest
• http//www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk
• valuable piece of historical evidence

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Development of England

• William the Conqueror ? King William I
• crowned king of England Christmas day 1066
• French-speaking nobles dominated England
• over next 300 years, gradual blending of
• Norman-French Anglo-Saxon
• customs, languages, traditions
• Latin influence on English language

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Development of England

• King William I
• firm control
• fiefs to Church and Norman lords
• monitored who built castles and where
• Domesday Book - 1086
• complete and thorough census
• helped build efficient tax collecting system
• no one could escape
• name compared to Gods final judgment day

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Development of England

• Henry II
• 1154 inherits throne
• expanded customs into law
• (royal law)
• sent traveling justices to enforce
• foundations of English Common Law
• legal system based on custom and court rulings
• protects property
• early jury system
• married Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Development of England and France

• Eleanor of Aquitaine
• first married to Frances King Louis VII
• joined Second Crusade
• wore armor and rode horse with other Crusaders
• she ended marriage to Louis VII
• married Englands King Henry II
• 8 children
• Richard (the Lion-Hearted)
• John
• spurred several sons to overthrow Henry II
• revolt failed
• 15 years in prison

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• Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Development of England

• Richard I
• known as the Lion-Hearted
• freed Eleanor from prison
• popular national hero
• reigned 10 years, less than 1 year in England
• spent reign fighting, causing debt and taxes
• a leader of Third Crusade
• went for religious reasons
• John ruled England for him
• on way home, captured
• held prisoner 14 months until ransomed at great
  cost
• brother John attempted to take English throne
• dies without heir

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Richard I (Lionheart) John I
20
Development of England and France

• John I
• faced 3 powerful enemies
• King Philip II of France
• lost war all of Englands land in France
• English expelled from France
• Pope Innocent III
• battled over selection of Archbishop of
  Canterbury
• excommunicated John and placed England under
  interdict
• English nobles
• angered by oppressive taxes other abuses of
  power

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Development of England

• John I
• provoked English nobles into revolt
• economic difficulties and high inflation
• civil war
• nobles took sides for or against John
• forced to sign Magna Carta in 1215
• Great Charter

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Development of England

• Magna Carta - 1215
• 1st document in English history where monarch
  does not have complete or absolute power
• created limited monarchy
• ideas still influence systems of government in
  many countries around world today

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Development of England

• Magna Carta - 1215
• places King of England under law
• statement of civil liberties for noblemen
• protects privileges of lords
• recognizes legal rights of townspeople and Church
• king agrees not to raise taxes without consulting
  the Great Council
• representative body of lords and clergy
• in 1200s, evolves into Parliament

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Evolution of English Government
1
1066 Norman Conquest William of Normandy
defeats Anglo-Saxons at Hastings. 1086 Domesday
Book William I uses this survey as a basis for
taxation. 1160s1180s Common Law Henry II
lays foundation for English legal
system. 1215 Magna Carta John signs this
document limiting royal power and extending
rights. 1295 Model Parliament Edward I
summons Parliament, which includes
representatives of common people.
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Development of England

• Parliament
• developed into 2 house legislature
• House of Lords
• nobles and high clergy (upper house)
• House of Commons
• knights and middle-class citizens, or commoners
  (lower house)
• over centuries, gained crucial power of the
  purse
• right to approve new taxes
• checked or limited power of monarch
• many practices of U.S. Congress have roots in
  practices of British Parliament

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Successful Monarchs in France

1
Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified
kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings,
such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly
increased royal power.
Philip II
Capetians
Louis IX
Granted charters to new towns
Introduced a standing army Filled government
positions with loyal middle-class
officials Introduced new national tax Quadrupled
land holdings
Checked up on local officials Expanded royal
courts Outlawed private wars. Ended serfdom in
his lands Left France an efficient, centralized
monarchy
made the throne hereditary added to their lands
by playing rival nobles against each other won
the support of the Church built an effective
bureaucracy
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Development of France

• Hugh Capet, count of Paris
• nobles elect him to throne 987 A.D.
• weak, no threat to powerful nobles
• lands smaller than many of his vassals
• he and heirs increase royal powers
• play rival nobles against each other
• increase royal lands
• won support of Church
• and middle-class townspeople

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Development of France

• Philip II
• also known as Philip Augustus
• defeated John I and expelled English
• most powerful ruler in Europe before death in
  1223
• strengthened royal government
• used paid middle-class officials (more loyal)
• instead of nobles
• quadrupled royal land holdings

30
Development of France

• Louis IX
• most admired of his time
• generous, noble, devoted to justice chivalry
• deeply religious, declared a saint
• led France in 2 wars against Muslims
• improved royal government
• outlawed private wars
• ended serfdom
• created strong national feeling (nationalism)
• established absolute monarchy
• (complete authority)
• St. Louis named for Louis IX

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Louis IX St. Louis
32
Development of France

• Philip IV
• established Estates General
• tried to collect new taxes from clergy
• threatened to arrest those who did not pay
• power struggle with Pope Boniface VIII
• forbade taxation of clergy without papal consent
• threatened to excommunicate clergy who paid
• seized Boniface when traveling near French border
• escaped, but badly beaten
• humiliated and never returned to Rome
• died the next year

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Development of France

• Estates General
• established by Philip IV in 1302 in attempt to
  tax clergy
• caused Babylonian Captivity
• led to Great Schism
• French legislature
• includes reps from all 3 estates, or classes
• clergy, nobles, townspeople
• did not develop same role at British Parliament
• never gained power of purse
• never served as balance to royal power

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Development of France and England

• France
• Absolute Monarchy
• England
• Limited Monarchy