Age of Metternich

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Age of Metternich

• Ms. Pugh

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Age of Metternich

• Dominated by conservatism
• Wanted Europe to forget about Napoleon, the
  French Revolution, and the Enlightenment
• Wanted to achieve a balance of power in Europe
• Power between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia,
  Russia, and France
• Wanted legitimacy to return rightful monarchs
  or their heirs to their thrones
• Edmund Burkes Reflections on the Revolutions in
  France spread conservative ideas throughout Europe

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1815 Europe
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Liberalism

• Metternich wanted conservatism
• Liberalism was dominant among the commoners who
  didnt benefit from noble privilege
• Liberalism was defined by freedoms freedom of
  speech, religion, and the press
• Liberalism stressed constitutional monarchies
• Liberalism stressed meritocracy value in what
  you achieve, not who you were born to

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Utilitarianism

• The greatest good for the greatest number.
• Normally associated with liberalism the
  greatest numbers were non-nobles
• Jeremy Bentham father of
• Said government should only interfere in peoples
  lives to bring order and harmony
• John Stuart Mill said the role of the government
  is to help people achieve happiness
• Mills On Liberty and On the Subjection of Women
  outlined utilitarianism and feminism

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Nationalism

• Hotbeds were in Ottoman Empire and Austrian
  Empire
• Leads to unification of Germany and Italy
• Glorified the past and culture of unified groups

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England in the Age of Metternich

• Rights of commoners actually is expanded
• 1815 Parliament only elected by wealthy
• 1820s labor unions legalized
• Chartist Movement (Peoples Charter) wanted
  expanded voting rights
• 1832 Great Reform Bill allowed 50 more
  people to vote redrew district boundaries
• 1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws

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More on England

• In 1866 Whig party (liberal) Prime Minister
  William Gladstone attempted to expand voter
  registration.
• In 1867 Tory Party (Conservative Party) Prime
  Minister Benjamin Disraeli. 2nd Reform Bill
  gives right to vote to workers.

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Back to England

• At the turn of the century Great Britains laws
  laid down the foundation of the social welfare
  state (but first programs started in Germany)
• All citizens guaranteed a free public education
  -- compulsory
• Unions were legalized
• Secret ballots (Australian)
• Government workers insurance
• Unemployment insurance
• Old age pensions
• End of child labor safety regulations in
  factories

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Review English Eras

• Magna Carta King has to follow the law
• War of the Roses leads to Parliament supported
  a new king
• Henry VIII religious upheaval power of the
  monarch
• Elizabeth relied upon Parliament for support
• James I absolutist
• Charles I English Civil War Parliament
  overthrows monarch

• Charles II returns at the request of Parliament
• Glorious Revolution Parliament invites William
  and Mary to return
• Bill of Rights habeas corpus and freedom of
  speech
• Prime Minister gains power during the reign of
  Queen Victoria

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France in the Age of Metternich

• Louis XVIII was the king granted a new
  constitution
• Charles X was a reactionary and make people mad
• 1830 July Revolution Charles overthrown
• Louis Philippe chosen as king of the French
• Louis had problems with workers constant
  uprisings

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Back to France

• Began the Revolutions of 1848
• July Revolution of 1830 was against Charles X
• Louis Phillip replaced Charles and gave a voice
  to the bourgeoisie but no one represented the
  proletariat (workers)
• February, 1848 Louis Phillip abdicates and a new
  legislature is elected dominated by
  conservatives riots break out between the
  government and the workers
• Universal male suffrage approved and a
  constitution that set up a one house legislature
  and had a strong president.

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Napoleon Again

• Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of
  the Second Republic (1st Republic was during the
  French Revolution)
• Goals law and order eradication of socialism
  and radicalism adherence to conservative groups
  Church, army, property owners and business.
• 1852 declares himself Emperor Napoleon III
• Internal improvements highways, canals,
  railroad construction
• Subsidized industry allowed organized unions
• Everyone was doing well
• Liberal Empire eased censorship and granted
  amnesty to political prisioners

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Mexican Empire

• Napoleon sets up an Emperor of Mexico a
  Hapsburg cousin who was to answer to Napoleon
  the Mexicans kill him and the United States is
  outraged at the violation of the Monroe Doctrine

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Crimean War (1854-1856)

• French and English went to war to prevent the
  Russians from establishing dominance over Ottoman
  possessions
• Ended the peace set up after the Congress of
  Vienna

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Franco-Prussian War (1870)

• Was the last war of Prussian/German unification
• Napoleon surrendered rather than let the Prussian
  army invade Paris Napoleon is taken captive and
  France declares the Third Republic

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Third Republic

• Controlled by monarchists and the bourgeoisie
• Counter radical government was set up Paris
  Commune (where have we heard of this before?)
• 1875 Chamber of Deputies set up foundation
  of French government until WWII when so many
  parties kept leading to its downfall
• 1894 Dreyfus Affair embarrassed France Dreyfus
  was a Jewish military officer who was convicted
  of espionage Emile Zola was a writer who broke
  the story that there was no evidence
  anti-Semitism led to arrest and conviction

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Lets Review Major French Eras

• War of the Three Henrys
• Religious toleration
• Bourbons vs. Hapsburgs
• Age of Absolutism
• Louis XIV Sun King
• Wars of Louis XIV
• Bourbons expand into Spain
• Great Debt
• Enlightenment
• Radical ideas that change the world
• Participate in American Revolution
• Revolution
• Starts off as moderate wanted a Constitutional
  monarchy
• Becomes radical Reign of Terror
• Paris mainly radical
• Wars with others
• Napoleon
• Military hero
• Spread enlightenment ideas across Europe not
  always enlightened himself

• Monarchy Part II
• Louis XVIII constitution that benefited
  bourgeois and nobles
• Charles X wanted to return to absolute power
  abdicates in face of rebellion
• Louis Phillip citizen king benefits
  bourgeoisie but not workers
• Workers rebel
• Second Republic
• Voting rights to men
• Napoleon III
• Same as uncle pretty enlightened, but wants
  total power
• Loses for military reasons (sound familiar)
• Third Republic
• Sets up a true democracy

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Russia in the Age of Metternich

• Alexander I was the Tzar
• Younger people had been influenced by
  Enlightenment students
• Nicholas I became Tzar in 1825
• Decembrist Revolt -- young army officers wanted
  a constitutional monarchy
• Many were executed
• Nicholas became very reactionary and repressive
• Created the Third Section secret police
• Nicholas put down revolts in Poland but aided
  revolutionaries in Greece (why?)

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Russia

• Alexander I extended the reforms of Catherine the
  Great
• Freedom of Jews in empire
• When Napoleon invaded Alexander ordered statewide
  censorship and required membership in the Eastern
  Orthodox Church.
• Nicholas I takes over when Alexander dies
  Decembrist Revolt was led by military soldiers.
  Created Third Section.
• Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality

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Russia

• Alexander II began as a reformer and ended as a
  reactionary.
• Emancipated the serfs in 1861, but required them
  to pay for their freedom.
• Polish Revolt led to autocracy killed by
  militants called Narodniks who were socialists.
  (1866)
• Industrialization had taken place under Alexander
  and a Trans-Siberian Railroad was important in
  Russias economic development.

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German States

• The Holy Roman Empire was ended by Napoleon.
• Remember various princes controlled German states
  and the Hapsburgs controlled Austria.
• The Congress of Vienna set up the Germanic
  Confederation to deal with similar German state
  problems.
• Burschenschafts were radical student
  organizations who wanted a unified German state
  led by a constitution. They organized national
  conventions.
• Carlsbad Decrees outlawed the Buschenschafts,
  censored materials that advocated unification,
  and set up secret police in universities (started
  by Metternich).

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Prussia

• Zollverein was an economic union of German
  states. Economic unity
• Prussia (Frederick William IV) dealt quickly with
  revolutionary activity by calling a legislative
  assembly rather than the military (why was this a
  good idea?).
• 1850 Prussia set up a constitution that
  established a House of Representatives elected by
  universal male suffrage.

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Frankfurt Assembly

• Met outside the legal authority of Prussia.
• Set up a plan for future union of Germany.
• Greater Germany wanted German and Austrian
  unification.
• Lesser Germany wanted to exclude Austria.
• Offered the crown of Germany to Frederick
  William IV he declined.
• Advisor Bismarck said if someone gives you
  something it can be taken away take it through
  blood and iron.

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Austria

• Ethnic mix of Austria included Germans,
  Hungarians, Slavs, Czechs, Italians, Serbs,
  Croats, and others.
• Led to Revolutions of 1848.
• Louis Kossuth Hungarian nationalist aroused
  separatist sentiments.
• Rioting in Vienna led to Metternich having to
  flee Austria.
• Prague Conference was called by the Czechs (like
  the Frankfurt Conference) wanted Austroslavism
  where the slavs would had some autonomy from the
  Austrians (but remain in the empire).
• Those who tried to rebel were suppressed by the
  Hapsburgs.

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Franz Joseph (1848-1916)

• Very conservative
• Suppressed all opposition
• Saw the Revolutions of 1848 collapse because of
  ethnic conflicts not a bad thing for him!

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Liberalism Redefined

• Liberalism started as laissez-faire economics,
  freedom of speech, press, and religion
• Beginning of 20th century expanded suffrage and
  improve living conditions for all citizens
• Unions were legalized
• Government education for all
• End of child labor
• Pensions for the elderly
• Medical insurance for all
• Universal suffrage achieved

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German Unification

• The Zollverein set up the foundations of a
  unified economic state. Political unification
  wasnt far off.
• Prussian Hohenzollerns looked to be the leading
  contenders for created a German empire.
• Austrian Hapsburgs were not so sure.

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German States
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Bismarcks Realpolitik

• Otto von Bismarck was a Junker (landowning noble)
  who was willing to battle Parliament
• Collected taxes without the approval of
  Parliament, enlarged the army, and killed
  democracy in Prussia.
• Unified Germany through war and power
• Danish-Prussian War all-German war against
  Denmark over Denmarks desire for Schleswig
  Denmark defeated by Germans, included Austria

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Austro-Prussian War (7 Weeks War) of 1866

• Prussia was superior in arms, training, and
  leadership
• Austria chose not to interfere with Bismarcks
  plans anymore

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North German Confederation

• 1867 the North German Confederation was
  established to replace the German Confederation
• 21 States united under Prussia
• 2 House Legislature Reichstag (lower house) and
  Bundesrat (upper house)

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Franco-Prussian War

• Technically a disagreement over the Spanish
  throne series of diplomatic correspondents
  between Prussia and France
• EMS Dispatch was reworded to sound like Napoleon
  III was insulted William I
• Napoleon III declared war on Prussia in July of
  1870.
• In four months, the Prussian army had defeated
  the French and taken Napoleon prisoner.
• France lost Alsace-Lorraine.
• Baden, Bavaria, Hesse, and Wurttemberg joined
  the Confederation and King William became the
  Keiser of all the Germans (except Austria)

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Bismarck as Chancellor

• Kulturkampf (cultural conflicts) repressed
  Catholics and socialists in the German states.
• To counter appeal of the socialists, Bismarck
  sponsored some reforms of his own the first
  in Europe
• Workmans Compensation
• Old-age pensions
• Medical assistance

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Unification of Italy

• Italy had unified somewhat since the Italian
  City-States of the 15th and 16th centuries.
• Kingdom of Naples (Two Sicilies) was made up of
  Sicily and the southern part of Italy.
• The Papal States included Rome and the middle of
  Italy.
• Lombardy-Venetia was the northern part of Italy
  and was ruled by Austria (Tuscany, Lucca, Modena,
  and Parma).
• Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont-Sardinia) included
  the northwestern provinces of Nice, Savoy, and
  Piedmont.

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Italy
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Sardinia

• Was ruled by a constitutional monarchy led by
  Victor Emmanuel II.
• Camillo di Cavour became prime minister during
  the Revolutions of 1848.
• Rejected the idea of a family destined to be
  united by divine intervention (idea of Mazzini)
  and decided that Italy had to be united by force.
• Cavour reformed Sardinia by weakening the power
  of the papacy, investing in public works
  (railroads and harbors), abolishing internal
  tariffs (another economic unification),
  encouraging industry, emancipating the peasants
  tied to land, and highlighting constitutional
  powers.

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Unification

• Cavour got Napoleon III to support a Sardinia war
  against Austria. France would get Nice and Savoy
  in exchange.
• 1859 Austria declared war on Sardinia and the
  French fought for Cavour. (Napoleon left early
  to deal with Prussia).
• Garibaldi took over the military forces and his
  Red Shirts.
• March, 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed
  with Victor Emmanuel II as the ruler.
• 1870 the Papal states (excluding Vatican) were
  incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.