Livestock Terms and Breeds

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Livestock Terms and Breeds
Agriculture I
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General Livestock Terms

• Barren not capable of producing offspring
• Cull to eliminate one or more animals from the
  breeding herd or flock
• Composite breed a breed that has been formed by
  crossing 2 or more breeds (synthetic breed)
• Crossbreeding mating animals from genetically
  diverse groups within a species
• Dam female parent
• Sire male parent
• Dry non-lactating female

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General Livestock Terms

• Estrus the period of mating activity in the
  female mammal.
• Finish the degree of fatness of an animal
• Gestation the time from breeding or conception
  of a female until she gives birth to her young
• Herd a group of animals
• Heterosis (hybrid vigor) Performance of
  offspring that is greater than the average of the
  parents

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General Livestock Terms

• Inheritance the transmission of genes from
  parents to offspring
• Non-ruminant mono-gastric animal
• Open non-pregnant females
• Polled naturally or genetically hornless
• Purebred an animal eligible for registry with a
  recognized breed association.
• Puberty the age at which the reproductive
  organs become functionally operative

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General Livestock Terms

• Ruminant a mammal whose stomach has 4 parts
  (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)
• Seedstock breeding animals (purebred)
• Wet milking female
• Weanling an animal of weaning age
• Weaning separating young animals from their
  dams so offspring can no longer suckle

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Beef Terms

• Bovine a general family grouping of cattle
• Bull - mature male
• Cow - mature female with one calf
• Heifer - female that has not calved yet
• Steer - castrated male prior to puberty
• Stag - castrated male after puberty
• Calf - young beef animal
• Calve to give birth to a calf
• British breeds breeds of beef cattle
  originating in England
• Continental breeds breed cattle originating in
  countries other than England

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Sheep Terms

• Ram/Buck - mature male
• Ewe - female, prior to and after lambing
• Wether - castrated male prior to puberty
• Stag - castrated male after puberty
• Lamb - young sheep or the process of giving birth
  to a lamb
• Mutton meat from a sheep that is over 1 year
  old
• Wool the fibers that grow from the skin of
  sheep

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Swine Terms

• Boar - mature male
• Sow - mature female after farrowing
• Barrow - castrated male prior to puberty
• Stag - castrated male after puberty
• Gilt - female prior to farrowing
• Pig(let) -young pig
• Farrow to give birth to pigs
• Litter giving birth to multiple young

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Horse Terms

• Stallion - mature male
• Mare - mature female after foaling
• Gelding - castrated male
• Filly - female prior to foaling
• Colt - male, uncastrated, up to 3 yrs. old
• Foal - young male or female horse or the act of
  giving birth

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Chicken Terms

• Poultry term that includes chickens, turkeys,
  geese, pigeons, peafowls, guineas, and game birds
• Cock/rooster - mature male
• Hen - mature female
• Cockerel - young male prior to puberty
• Capon - castrated male prior to puberty
• Pullet - young female prior to laying
• Chick - young chicken
• Boiler a young meat-type chicken of either sex
• Clutch eggs laid by a hen on consecutive days

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External Anatomy

• Beef Main TermsLoin, Rump, Tail head, Stifle,
  Brisket, Rib, Quarter, Rear flank, Forearm, Hook,
  Pin, Round, Loin, Rib, Flank, Plate, Chuck,
  Brisket, Shank
• Sheep Main TermsRump, Loin, Back (Rack),
  Shoulder, Leg, Rear flank, Fore flank, Breast,
  Leg, Breast, Loin, Rack, Shoulder, Shank
• Swine Main Terms Shoulder, Loin, Rump, Ham, Rear
  flank, Fore flank, Jowl, Boston Butt, Loin, Ham,
  Jowl, Picnic Shoulder, Spare Ribs, Belly

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Beef Cattle Parts
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Sheep Parts
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Identify Common Beef Breeds

• Continental Breeds
• Charolais
• Simmental
• Limousin
• Gelbveih
• Salers
• Chianina

• British (English) Breeds
• Angus (Black and Red)
• Horned and Polled Hereford
• Shorthorn
• U.S. Breeds
• Brahman
• Brangus
• Braford
• Beefmaster
• Longhorn

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British Breeds
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Angus
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Angus Traits

• Originated in Scotland
• Most popular breed in VA
• Black in color (Also Red Angus - different breed)
  and polled (means NO horns)
• Early maturing
• Low birth weights
• Marbles well (marbling is putting fat into muscle
  - thats what makes you steak taste GOOD choice
  cuts means more )

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Red Angus
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Hereford
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Hereford

• Horned Herefords originated in England - Polled
  Herefords were first bred in the USA
• Red body with white face and usually other white
  marking on the legs and belly can be horned (with
  horns) or polled
• Hardy, adaptable to harsh cold climate
• Early maturing (but not very good at marbling
• Work well for cross-breeding

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Shorthorn
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Shorthorn

• Originated in England
• Can be red, white, or roan (mix of white and
  another color) in color
• Can be horned or polled
• Dual purpose breed - can be used for milk and
  meat
• Noted for maternal ability
• more docile than any other breed excellent
  disposition

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Continental Breeds
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Charolais
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Charolais

• Originated from France
• White in color
• Can be horned or polled
• Heavily muscled
• Considered a bull breed - because they add weight
  through muscle
• Heavy birth weights
• Late maturing larger carcass weight

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Simmental
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Simmental

• Originated from Switzerland
• Can be either yellow/red with white or black with
  white
• In the US we tend to breed more for black and
  white (US likes black colored hides)
• Was originally dual purpose, now used mainly as a
  beef breed
• Larger mature size increased input increased
  output (good for VA because of forage)

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Limousin
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Limousin

• Originated in France
• Can be either golden or black in color
• Can be horned or polled
• High weight gain excellent cutability
• Late maturing

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Gelbvieh
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Gelbvieh

• Originated in Austria and Germany
• Golden colored
• Can be horned or polled
• Developed as a dual-purpose breed
• Excellent maternal traits
• High birth weights
• Late maturing

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Salers
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Salers

• Originated in France
• Dark red in color
• Typically have a longer, shaggy haircoat
• Horned

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Chianina
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Chianina

• Originated in Italy (Chiana Valley-Tuscany)
• White to steel gray in color with black points
  (nose, legs)
• One of the oldest breeds - used as models for
  Roman sculpture
• Horned
• Extremely large frame
• Low milk production
• Terminal breed

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Brahman
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Brahman

• Originated in India
• Various colors, but greys and browns are
  predominant
• Characteristic hump over shoulder, large droopy
  ears, and lots of excess skin under neck
• Bos Indicus breed of cattle (not Bos Taurus)
• Heat and parasite resistance (big advantage)
• Low birth weights
• Undesirable carcass traits (big disadvantage)

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American Breeds
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Brangus
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Brangus

• Developed in USA
• Cross of Brahman (3/8) and Angus (5/8)
• Almost always black and polled
• Breed to get the good meat characteristics of the
  Angus with the heat tolerance of the Brahman

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Braford
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Braford

• Developed in the USA
• Cross of Hereford and Brahman cattle
• Generally have coat pattern of Hereford with
  Brahmans excess skin
• Can be horned or polled

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Beefmaster
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Beefmaster

• Developed in the USA
• 3 way cross between Hereford (1/4), Shorthorn
  (1/4), and Brahman (1/2)
• Selected for ability to grow well under range
  conditions (out in LARGE areas of land, means
  they must be able to grow well without additional
  feed and little extra care)

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Longhorn
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Longhorn

• Originated in the USA
• Generally multicolored
• Characteristic long horns
• Bred historically for meat and trail drive to
  market
• Now bred mainly as a hobby (roping cattle, for
  their horns)
• Poor meat quality
• High fertility

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Sheep Breeds

• Rambouillet
• Dorset
• Suffolk
• Hampshire
• Lincoln

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Rambouillet

• Ewe breed (Maternal)
• Good herding instinct
• Large and hardy
• White, small horizontal ears
• Rams horned
• Medium length wool
• Large wool cap

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Dorset

• Medium length wool
• Dual Breed (milking, meat)
• White, Horizontal ears
• Small wool cap
• Horned/Polled

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Suffolk

• Large, with short wool
• Ram breed (tall, meaty, good carcass)
• Droopy ears

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Hampshire

• Medium Length wool
• Ram Breed
• Black face, white wool
• Large Droopy ears
• Prone to wool blindness

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Lincoln

• Dual purpose breed
• Black nose
• Small wool cap
• Long wool
• Erect ears
• Fairly good carcass

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Swine Breeds

• Yorkshire
• Landrace
• Chester White
• Duroc
• Hampshire
• Spotted Swine or Spots

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Yorkshire

• Good Mothering
• White
• Erect Ears

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Landrace

• White
• Long Floppy ears
• Good Mothering

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Chester White

• White
• Medium Droopy ears
• Good Mothering

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Duroc

• Red
• Good carcass
• Females - poor milking ability
• Drooped ears

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Hampshire

• Black and white, belted
• Good carcass
• Erect ears
• Poor libido

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Spotted Swine or Spots

• Black and white spots
• Droopy ears
• Aggressive

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ANY QUESTIONS???