Construction Fundamentals Chapter 1

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Construction FundamentalsChapter 1
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Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective

• Architect comes from a Greek word meaning
• chief artifice,
• masterbuilder,
• director of works.

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Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective

• Architect
• Romans used the Latin form architectus - the
  architects responsibilities was to design and
  superintend the construction of the work.

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Chapter 1 - Historical Perspective

• Contractor
• comes from the legal agreement or contract that
  is negotiated and executed between the owner and
  the builder
• General Contractor
• As there can be many builders involved on a
  project a hierarchy of responsibility and
  authority needs to be established to insure
  proper coordination of the various efforts

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Construction

• Engineering and construction are a unique
  combination of specific need and specific design
  in a process that yields an engineered work.
• Civilizations are built by construction efforts.

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Construction

• Civil Engineers

• Military Engineers

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Engineering Education

• LEcole Polytechnique
• authorized in 1795 by Napoleon
• U. S. Military Academy, West Point
• organized by President Thomas Jefferson 1802

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Canals

• Man-made canals were a major factor in the
  development of early civilization
• Barge Canals
• Chesapeake and Ohio (1828-1850)
• Ship Canals
• Suez (1869)
• Panama (1914)

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Rail Roads
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Rail Roads

• The railroads were the engine of growth and
  expansion to the West
• By 1840 there were nearly three thousand miles of
  track in the United States

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Rail Roads

• Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Act in 1862.
• The act authorized the Central Pacific and Union
  Pacific Companies to build a transcontinental
  rail line along the 42nd parallel
• May 10, 1869 Golden spike driven home

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Golden Spike
The web site to learn more about this historic
engineering accomplishment. http//www.nps.gov/go
sp/ Additional reading C.P.R.R. The Central
Pacific Railroad - Charles Nordoff,  Outbooks,
Golden, CO 1976 (originally written 1892).
Empire Express Building the First
Transcontinental Railroad - David Haward
Bain, Penguin Putnam, New York, NY. 1999.
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Golden Spike
Additional reading History of the Union Pacific
Railway - Henry K. White,  University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, IL. 1895. Nothing Like It In The
World- The Men Who Built The Transcontinental
Railroad 1863-1869 - Stephen E. Ambrose, Simon
Schuster, New York, NY. 2000. Rails From the
West a Biography of Theodore D. Judah - Helen
Hinkley, Golden West Books, San Marino, CA 1969.
Ten Mile Day And The Building of the
Transcontinental Railroad Mary Ann Fraser Henry
Holt and Company, New York, NY 1993.
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Industrial Buildings

• Buildings of the mid-19th century tended to be
  narrow enclosures with load-bearing walls

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Industrial Buildings

• Between 1874 and 1904 many advances made
• Construction methods and materials
• fire protection
• steel trusses framing

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Industrial Buildings

• 1920s industrial buildings were being
  constructed with skeleton framing and curtain
  walls

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Industrial Buildings

• Concrete building systems have also been
  developed.
• cast-in-place
• tilt-up
• precast

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Highways

• Appian Way
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Interstate Highway System
  (1956)

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I-17/I-10 Phoenix AZ
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Airports

• Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport,
  Phoenix, AZ

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Airports

• Construction at Dallas/Ft. Worth International
  Airport, 2002

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Skyscrapers

• 1800s few buildings were more than 100 ft high
• Walls were load bearing (up to 5 feet thick)
• Doors window penetrations were kept to a minimum

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Skyscrapers
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Skyscrapers
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Skyscrapers

• Four engineering innovations had to come together
  before the height of building would rise to a
  level where they would be called skyscrapers.
• Safe elevators
• Steel Framing
• Fireproofing
• Caisson method of foundation construction

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Construction Industry

• Egyptians
• Greeks
• Romans
• corvee - Latin corrogare, to summon together
• Collegia

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Construction Industry

• Romans Collegia
• Membership for skilled craftsmen became mandatory
• Workers had to follow the same trade for life and
  their descendants after them
• Wages were fixed
• Craftsmen could be transferred to any location as
  directed by the state

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Master Builders

• Reported to the owner
• Responsible for both
• Design and
• Construction

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Master Builders

• Used the principle of proportional geometry to
  construct complicated designs with a minimum of
  equipment

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Contractors

• From the legal agreement or contract that is
  negotiated and executed between the owner and the
  builder
• General contractor (GC)
• Specialty or trade contractors
• Electrical
• Plumbing
• Heating and air conditioning (HVAC)

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Assignment

• Due next class
• What is the largest or most famous _____ in your
  state? And why!!
• Canal
• Road
• Bridge
• Skyscraper
• Airport