Title: The slides in this collection are all related and should be useful in preparing a presentation on SIM PlanetQuest. Note, however, that there is some redundancy in the collection to allow users to choose slides best suited to their needs.
1The slides in this collection are all related and
should be useful in preparing a presentation on
SIM PlanetQuest. Note, however, that there is
some redundancy in the collection to allow users
to choose slides best suited to their needs.
2- Presented by
- Presenter
- Using materials shamelessly stolen from
- the SIM PlanetQuest Science Team,
- the Internet, and some familiar motion pictures
3SIM PlanetQuest is part of NASAs Origins Program
4The Presidential Vision
- Focus on manned mission to Moon and Mars, robotic
exploration of solar system, and search for life
around other stars - Among 20 goals the President set for NASA is the
following - Conduct advanced telescope searches for
Earth-like planets and habitable environments
around other stars - International participation --- This is not a
race
5National Academy of Sciences
- SIM was prioritized in the 1991 AASC report as
the fourth-ranked space program of moderate
classScience goals as specified in the 1991
report - definitive searches for planets around stars
as far away as 500 light-years through the
wobbles of the parent star, trigonometric
determination of distances throughout the galaxy,
and the study of the mass distributions of nearby
galaxies from stellar orbits." - 30 mas, V20
- (italics added)
6National Academy of Sciences (2)
- The scientific capabilities explicitly called
for by the 2001 AASC were". . . enabling the
discovery of planets much more similar to Earth
in mass and orbit than those detectable now, and
. . . permitting astronomers to survey the
Milky Way Galaxy 1,000 times more accurately than
is possible now."The report emphasized the
"particular attraction" of the dual capability of
the new SIM. - The report of the 2001 AASC's Panel on
Ultraviolet, Optical, and Infrared Astronomy from
Space (UVOIR Panel), which contains more detailed
and explicit statements about SIM and its
scientific goals than those included in the main
AASC report, stressed that - "the primary scientific objective of the SIM
mission is ultrahigh accuracy astrometry. - (italics added)
7What is NASAs Astronomical Search for Origins?
To understand how galaxies formed in the early
universe and to determine the role of galaxies in
the appearance of stars, planetary systems and
life.
To understand how stars and planetary systems
form and to determine whether life-sustaining
planets exist around other stars.
To understand how life originated on Earth and to
determine if it began and may still exist
elsewhere as well.
8How to do that?
With SIM!
9How Precise is SIM?
Microarcsecond precision opens a new window to a
multitude of phenomena observable with SIM.
Reflex Motion of Sun from 100pc (axes 100 µas)
Jupiter
Parallactic Displacement of Galactic Center
Galilean Satellites Dia. 1000-2000 mas
Apparent Gravitational Displacement of a Distant
Star due to Jupiter 1 degree away
10How Precise is SIM?
Microarcsecond precision opens a new window to a
multitude of phenomena observable with SIM.
11Why go to space ?
- Space has no air
- Ground interferometers limited by atmosphere to
1 mas over wide angles - High precision metrology measurements can be made
- Space is quiet
- Optical Path Difference (OPD) and pointing jitter
are easier to control - Space can be made thermally benign
- stable thermal environment ? stability of optical
system
12Measuring Distances using parallax
- Parallax is a small effect
- James Bradley searched for it in 1725 - but
discovered Stellar Aberration instead ( 20
arcsec). - Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel detected it in 1838 (lt
0.5 arcsec). - Nearest star (Proxima Cen)
- 0.77 arcsec
- Brightest Star (Sirius) 0.38 arcsec
- Galactic Center (8.5 kpc) 0.00012 arcsec
- 118 mas
- Far edge of Galactic disk (20 kpc)
- 50 mas
- Nearest spiral galaxy (Andromeda
Galaxy) 1.3 mas
13SIM Covers the Entire Galaxy
What is a parsec? Parallax of one arcsecond At
1 pc Earth-Sun distance subtends 1 arcsec 1
parsec 3.26 light-years distance to closest
stars What is a microarcsecond (µas)? 1 µas
4.8 x 10-12 radians thickness of a
nickel at the distance of the Moon!
Hipparcos 100 pc
14Stellar Evolution and the Distance Scale
- Distances in the Universe are uncertain because
we dont know the distances to standard candle
stars - SIM will measure accurate distances
- Masses of most stars are very poorly known
- SIM will measure accurate masses (to 1) by using
binary orbits - Stellar evolution models cant be further tested
without accurate masses for exotic objects - SIM will measure the masses of OB (massive)
stars, supergiants, brown dwarfs
15Galaxies and Beyond
- Study the classical problems of size, mass
distribution, and rotational dynamics of the
Milky Way galaxy. - Dynamics of Galaxy Groups within 5 Mpc.
- Quasar Astrophysics
- SIM can determine if the visible light from
quasars originates in hot gas around an accretion
disk or from a relativistic plasma jet.. - SIM can detect the orbital motions of two merging
black holes in the centers of massive galaxies. - Replace the current International Celestial
Reference Frame.
16SIM PlanetQuest Science Summary
- Planet searching
- Search for astrometric signature of terrestrial
planets around nearby stars - Statistics and properties of planetary systems
- Distances and Luminosities
- Calibration of the cosmic distance ladder
- Ages of globular clusters
- Galaxy and star cluster dynamics and structure
- Mass distribution in the halo of our Galaxy
- Spiral structure of our Galaxy
- Internal dynamics of globular clusters
- Masses and distances to gravitational lenses
- Dynamics of our Local Group of galaxies
- Quasars
- Origin of light
- Binary black holes
- Imaging demonstration
- Simple systems within 2 arcsec field of view
17SIM Science Summary (in descending order of
size scale)
- Proper motions of nearby active galactic nuclei
- Dynamics of our Local Group of galaxies
- Dwarf spheroidal galaxies - tidal tails
- Mass distribution in the halo of our Galaxy
- Spiral structure of our Galaxy
- Astrometric signatures of MACHO microlensing
events
18SIM Science Summary (cont.)
- Internal dynamics of globular clusters
- Ages of globular clusters
- Accurate masses for low-mass binary stars
- Masses and evolution of stars in close binary
systems - Astrometric search for brown dwarfs and massive
planets - Astrometric search for planets around nearby
stars - Test General Relativistic effects in the Solar
System - Astrometry of minor bodies in the Solar System
19Searching for Other Earths
http//planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/SIM/sim_index.html
and http//planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/Navigator/sim
_nav.html
20Unique SIM PlanetQuest Science
- Obviously, high-precision orbits
- Many planets and astrophysical phenomena
- Link optical to radio reference frame (ICRF)
- Origin of radio emissions
- Stellar evolution theory
- Controversial issues in astronomy and
astrophysics - Star spots
- Mass of Galactic black holes, clustered around 7
M_solar? - Short period signal measurement
- Signals with Pdays are hard for non-pointed
mission to study. - esp. when multiple frequencies are present.
21Controversial Issues in Astronomy
- Is it possible to have two perpendicular orbits ?
(i 84º and 82º, separately) - Are Galactic black holes clustered at masses
around 7M?? - Is it possible to have a black-hole X-ray binary
with distance of 190 pc (Hipparcos)? - What is the upper mass limit of neutron stars?
22What is SIM PlanetQuest?
- SIM is the planet scout
- SIM will help to identify planetary systems of
interest to future missions - SIM is a yardstick to the stars
- SIM will measure precise distances by simple
triangulation to stars all over the Galaxy, and
even out to the Magellanic Clouds - SIM is a technical marvel
- SIM engineers have scheduled new inventions for
precise measurement of spacecraft mechanical
components - SIM is an odyssey
- SIM scientists and engineers have been dedicated
to this mission for more than 15 years
23Proto-type for SIM for the Masses
- Many open problems in stellar astrophysics are
due to lack of knowledge about distances - Our example X-ray binaries
- AGB and post-AGB stars
- Extremely luminous stars
- Chemically peculiar stars
-
- SIM accuracy outperforms GAIA, especially at the
fainter end of its sensitivity range
24Attractive Features of SIM
- Galactic reach 10µas is 20 luminosity error
at 10 kpc - Very precise for nearby stars (1 at 500pc)
- Modest projects (of order 10 stars) can be
executed with a few hours of mission time - Using SIM wide-angle data is easy
- Standard pipeline produces science-grade output
25Comparison of SIM with GAIA
Each point represents a target requested by a SIM
Key Project PI
Mission Accuracy (Parallax, ?as)
GAIA
SIM
Target Magnitude (V)
26SIM Measurement Capabilities
- SIM has two primary astrometric observational
modes - Wide angle (global) astrometry
- Narrow angle (relative) astrometry
- Global Astrometry (inertial ref frame tied to
Quasars) - 4 µas (position, 4.6 µas parallax, 2 µas/yr
prop motion) - Mag limit to 20mag (18 mag 2hr/target)
- Grid (set of stars 5 Deg spacing over 4 pi)
- 1300 stars and 2550 QSOs
- On average 10.5 mag K giants, down to 12 mag
- Narrow angle astrometry (relative astrometry)
- Absolution positions and proper motion,
parallaxes only as good as global astrometry. But
relative positions, parallaxes, much better - Single measurement accuracy 1 µas over 1 deg.
(900 sec obs, 10 mag) - Mission accuracy for 30 obs/5yrs 0.2 µas.
27Miscellaneous Properties
- Crowded field astrometry
- This is an active area of study, preliminary
results presented - Identify two objects as two objects.
- With baseline rotation (synthesis imaging)
resolution l/B 12 µas - Without baseline rotation (multi-color fringe
synthesis) 25 µas - Photometry (in 80 spectral channels from 0.45 to
1.0 µm) lt 1 - Fringe visibility accuracy lt 1 in each of 80
spectral channels. (dia of star 6 µas could be
measured to 1) - Wavelength calibration (of 80 spectral channels)
lt 0.1 nm
28Searching for Planets with SIM
- A Deep Search for Earths
- Focus on 60250 stars like the Sun (F, G, K)
within 20 pc - Detection limit of 3 Me at 10 pc
- Sensitivity limit of 1.0 Me at 6 pc (if limited
to 60 stars) - Perhaps 78 times as many terrestrial planet as
terrestrial planets in the HZ
- What We Dont Know
- Are planetary systems like our own common?
- What is the distribution of planetary masses?
- Only astrometry measures planet masses
unambiguously - Are there low-mass planets in habitable zone ?
- A Broad Survey for Planets
- Is our solar system unusual?
- Survey 2,000 stars within 50 pc with
sensitivity to Neptune mass - Expect to find 400 planets (from current RV
statistics) - Planets around wide variety of stellar types
- Multiple planet systems
- Coplanarity
- Mass distribution
- Eccentricity and Orbit radius
- Evolution of Planets
- Survey 200 150Myr stars
- How do systems evolve?
- Is the evolution conducive to the formation of
Earth-like planets in stable orbits? - Do multiple Jupiters form and only a few (or
none) survive?
29Imaging With Interferometers
30SIM vs. HST/ACS Imaging Quality
- If ?? ? 1?(1.4 nm _at_ 500 nm), then SIM appears to
surpass HST/ACS - For r 0.5? on direct image
- For r 0.25? on the direct subtracted image
- Everywhere inside the 0. 9? stop on coronagraphic
images - Reason for this is the lack of correlation of
zonal errors on SIMs aperture. - SIM observations simulated
- 10 m 8.5 m baselines
- 2? orientation angle intervals
- Bright star V 10
- 30/3000 min. on-target time
31HST/ACS detection limits
J. Krist (2004)
32SIM Science Team
Team Member Institution Area of
Interest/Discipline Key Science Projects Dr.
Geoffrey Marcy University of California,
Berkeley Planetary Systems Dr. Michael
Shao NASA/JPL Extrasolar Planets Dr. Charles
Beichman NASA/JPL Young Planetary Systems and
Stars Dr. Andrew Gould Ohio State
University Astrometric Micro-Lensing Dr. Edward
Shaya University of Maryland Dynamic Observations
of Galaxies Dr. Kenneth Johnston U.S. Naval
Observatory Reference Frame-Tie Objects Dr. Brian
Chaboyer Dartmouth College Population II
Distances Globular Clusters Ages Dr.
Todd Henry Georgia State University Stellar
Mass-Luminosity Relation Dr. Steven
Majewski University of Virginia Measuring the
Milky Way Dr. Ann Wehrle NASA/JPL Active Galactic
Nuclei Mission Scientists Dr. Guy
Worthey Washington State University Education
Public Outreach Scientist Dr. Andreas
Quirrenbach Leiden University Data Scientist Dr.
Stuart Shaklan JPL Instrument Scientist Dr.
Shrinivas Kulkarni California Institute of
Technology Interdisciplinary Scientist Dr. Ronald
Allen Space Telescope Science Institute Synthesis
Imaging Scientist
33A universe to study.