GACE Science Review Study Session

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GACE Science Review Study Session

• Presented By Tonya Clarke and Joe E. Hart
• tclark_at_clayton.k12.ga.us
• jhart_at_clayton.k12.ga.us

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Overview

• Scientific Method
• Characteristics and Processes of science
• Earth Science
• Physical Science
• Life Science
• Health and Safety
• Basic PE Principles

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Scientific Method

• Observation
• Problem
• Formed as a question, based on observation
• Hypothesis
• An educated guess based on previous knowledge and
  experiences
• Experiment
• Create an experimental plan
• Recording
• Record observations, quantitative or qualitative
• Data Analysis
• Conclusion
• Refers back to hypothesis not about proving
  hypotheses- about supporting or disproving
  hypotheses

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Characteristics and Processes of Science

• Values of Science
• Curiosity
• honesty
• Openness
• Skepticism
• Reliance on verifiable evidence
• Scientific Inquiry

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Characteristics and Processes of Science

• Data Collection and Analysis
• Always include units
• Choose appropriate table for collecting data
  (tally table, chart, etc.)
• Choose appropriate table for presenting data (bar
  graph, circle graph, charts, tables, etc.)
• Verify data

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Science Tools and Equipment

• Balances
• Weights
• Magnifying Glass (Hand Lenses)
• Microscope
• Thermometers
• Spring Scales (measure force)
• Petri Dishes
• Beakers
• GOGGLES!

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Science Safety

• No food or drinks.
• Always wear goggles. (sterilize between)
• Be organized.
• No loose clothing or hair.
• Students should not clean up broken glass.
• Clean up with soap and water.
• http//membership.acs.org/c/ccs/pubs/K-6_art_2.pdf
  

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Earth Science

• Solar System and Universe
• Planets
• revolve around sun on elliptical paths
• each revolution is 1 year on that planet
• 1 year on Earth is 365 ¼ days (leap year)
• causes seasons
• Earth is tilted on its axis so that certain
  hemispheres receive more light from the sun
  during different times of the year
• seasons in northern and southern halves of the
  earth are reversed (summer in USA is winter in
  Australia)
• rotate on axes (some vertical, some horizontal,
  Earths diagonal)
• each rotation is one day on that planet
• Earth rotates once every 24 hours
• At any one time, the half of the Earth pointed
  toward the Sun experience day, the other half
  point away experiences night

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Earth Science

• Moon
• Revolves around the Earth
• The half of the moon facing the Sun always
  reflects light
• As the moon moves, different amounts of lighted
  and dark parts of the moon face the Earth
• The moon goes through 4 major phases
• New Moon (cant see at all)
• 1st Quarter (goes from new to waxing crescent to
  1st)
• Full Moon (goes from 1st to waxing gibbous to
  full)
• 3rd Quarter (goes from full to waning gibbous to
  3rd)
• New (goes from 3rd to waning crescent to New)

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Earth Science

• Eclipse
• Lunar- when the Earths shadow blocks the moon
  from reflecting the sun
• Solar- when the moons shadow blocks the Earth
  form seeing the Sun
• only effects a small area

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Earth Science

• 3 layers of the Earth
• Crust- thin outer layer, rocks are solid
• Mantle- thick layer of hot rock (magma)
• Core- center of earth
• Outer core- made of hot magma
• Inner core- solid ball of iron (due to pressure)

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Earth Science

• Minerals
• solid, nonliving, never been alive
• identified by characteristics
• color
• luster (metallic vs. nonmetallic)
• streak (when scratched across porcelain)
• shape (of crystal)
• hardness (whether it will scratch another)
• hardness scale 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
• Softest- talc
• Hardest- diamond
• Minerals are harder than others if they can
  scratch the others

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Earth Science

• Rocks
• Classified by how they are formed
• Igneous- formed when magma (melted rock inside
  the earth) or lava (melted rock outside the
  earth) cools and hardens
• intrusive- formed inside
• obtrusive- formed outside
• granite, obsidian
• Sedimentary- formed when layers of sediment
  (sand, dirt, leaves, etc) are squeezed and
  pressed together
• common under oceans/marine areas
• most likely to have fossils
• sandstone, limestone

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Earth Science

• Rocks
• Metamorphic- formed when heat and pressure
  change another I, S, or M rock
• made deep in the earth
• marble, slate
• Rock Cycle
• the process of rocks changing from one type to
  another
• sedimentary ? igneous or metamorphic or
  sedimentary
• igneous ? igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary
• metamorphic ? igneous or metamorphic or
  sedimentary

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Earth Science

• Fossils
• something that has lasted from a living thing
  that died long ago
• formed in different ways
• mold- shape of plant or animal left in sediment
  when the rock is formed
• cast- formed when mud or minerals fill a mold
• imprint- molds of leaves or other thin objects

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Earth Science

• Water Cycle
• Evaporation- changing of a liquid to gas
• water evaporates from rivers, lakes, streams,
  oceans, etc.
• Condensation- changing of gas to liquid
• water condensates into clouds
• Precipitation- water falls as rain, sleet, snow,
  or hail
• when cloud becomes full, the water falls
• some falls to land
• some to bodies of water

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Earth Science

• Weather
• What is happening in the atmosphere are a certain
  place
• Atmosphere- the air surrounding Earth has layers
• troposphere- late where we live temps drop as
  you go higher temps near top are -80 degrees C
• stratosphere- contains ozone where some long
  distance jets fly
• mesosphere- temps lower than -120 degrees C
• thermosphere- temps higher than 2000 degrees C

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Earth Science

• Weather
• Fronts- a place where two air masses of differing
  temps meet
• Cold front cold air bumps hot air pushes warm
  air up quickly tall clouds, thunderstorms,
  windy, rainy, move fast, temperature drop after
  rain
• Warm front warm air bumps cold air warm air
  pushed up gently by cold air long periods of
  gentle rain, light winder temperature rises
  after rain
• Weather instruments
• thermometers
• wind anemometer (wind speed)
• barometer (air pressure

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Earth Science

• Weather
• Clouds
• cumulus- puffy clouds largest ones form into
  thunderstorms
• cirrus- wispy and featherlike in high altitudes
  made of ice crystals
• stratus- layered clouds common to see during
  gentle and continuous rain

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Earth Science

• Weathering
• the way rocks are broken down into smaller pieces
• caused by
• wind
• water (flowing and freezing)
• plants (roots)
• Erosion
• the movement of weathered rock and soil
• caused by
• creep (slow movement dur to gravity)
• water
• wind

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Physical Science

• Properties of Matter
• matter- anything that takes up space
• solids- takes up a specific amount of space and
  has definite shape (particles packed tightly, do
  not move much)
• liquids- volume stays the same, but it can
  change its shape (particles more loosely
  arranged, slide past each other)
• gasses- no definite space or volume (particles
  are not connected, move in straight lines until
  something bounces it in another direction like
  Pong!)
• atoms- the basic building blocks of matter

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Physical Science

• Changes to Matter
• Physical Changes
• changes to matter in which no new kinds of matter
  are formed
• cutting, gluing, writing on paper.
• changing temperature
• Chemical Changes
• changes that form different kinds of matter
• cooking foods (flour, eggs, milk, and oil makes
  pancakes)
• burning
• rusting

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Physical Science

• Mixtures
• substance that contains two or more different
  types of matter
• matter can be separated
• Solutions
• mixture in which the particles of different kinds
  of matter mix together evenly
• cant be separated by hand

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Physical Science

• Elements
• atoms that are all the same
• type is determined by the number of protons
  (atomic number)
• protons- positively charged particles
• electrons- negatively charge particles
• neutrons- particles with no charge
• Molecules
• combinations of atoms that are bonded
• Density
• amount of matter in a given volume

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Physical Science

• Energy
• energy amount in universe is constant
• energy transfers and changes forms, but does not
  disappear
• the ability to cause change
• allows movement in the world
• types of energy
• heat (thermal energy)
• light
• potential energy (energy object has because fo
  where it is)
• kinetic energy (movement)

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Physical Science

• Energy
• Types of Energy
• solar
• geothermic
• electrical
• wind energy
• Fuels
• something that can be burned for energy
• fossil fuels- fuels made from living things from
  long ago (oil, natural gas, coal)

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Physical Science

• Energy
• Energy Waves
• some forms of energy (light and sound) move in
  waves
• waves can be up-and-down (like a rope) or
  back-and-forth (like a coil)
• measured from crest to crest

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Physical Science

• Light
• moves as waves (rope waves)
• travels faster than sound
• Sound
• moves as waves
• caused by vibrating waves of air
• travels slower than light
• Electricity
• moves through closed circuits
• stored in batteries
• generated in many ways

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Physical Science

• Heat
• thermal energy
• conduction- movement of heat when objects touch
  each other
• conductors- allow heat transfer easily (metals)
• insulators- do not allow heat transfer easily
  (oven mitts, house insulation, clothing, etc)
• convection- movement of hear though liquids or
  gases
• radiation- movement of heat without objects
  touching each other (solar radiation)
• caused by
• friction
• chemical interaction
• burning

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Physical Science

• Forces
• a push or a pull
• cause motion (a change in position)
• gravity is the force that pulls objects toward
  each other
• weight- measurement of the pull of gravity on an
  object
• work- the measure of force it takes to move an
  object (no movement no force)

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Physical Science

• Simple Machines
• make work easier
• inclined plane (flat surface at an angle- ramp,
  stairs, escalator)
• lever (bar that moves on a fixed point- seesaw,
  scissors)
• pulley (rope over a wheel- flagpole)
• wedge (2 inclined planes stuck back to back)
• screw (inclined plane wrapped around a pencil-
  screw, drill)
• wheel and axle (pencil sharpeners)

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Life Science

• Plants
• Needs
• light, water, air, soil
• Parts
• roots, stem, leaves
• simple plants- no roots, no stem, no leaves
• Plant Cells
• nucleus
• cell membrane
• cell wall
• vacuole
• chloroplast
• cytoplasm

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Life Science

• Plants
• Seeds
• usually large number in plant, surrounded by
  protective features
• germinate- small plants breaks out of seed
• seedling- young plant
• Seed parts-seedling, seed coat, stored food
• Photosynthesis
• process of plants making food
• takes in carbon dioxide, sunlight, water
• chlorophyll uses these things to make sugar and
  oxygen

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Life Science

• Animals
• Needs
• air
• water
• food
• shelter
• Animal Cells
• nucleus
• cell membrane
• vacuoles
• cytoplasm

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Life Science

• Animal Traits
• inherited- passed down from parents
• traits- inherited body features
• Mammals
• lungs, fur/hair, live births
• Birds
• lungs, feathers, eggs
• Amphibians
• gills to lungs, moist skin, eggs
• Fish
• gills, scales, eggs
• Reptiles
• lungs, dry skin covered by scales, eggs and live
  births

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Life Science

• Animal Behaviors
• instincts
• hibernation
• migration
• camouflage
• mimicry
• Life Cycles
• Butterfly
• Frog
• Human

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Life Science

• Ecosystems
• the living and nonliving things in an environment
• population- a group of the same kind of living
  things that live in the same place at the same
  time
• community- all the populations that live in an
  ecosystem
• habitat- place where a population live in an
  ecosystem

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Life Science

• Food Webs
• producers- makes its own food
• consumers- eats other living things as food
• herbivores- eat only plants
• carnivores- eat only meat
• omnivores- eat both plants and meat
• decomposer- breaks down dead things for food
• food chain- explains how energy moves through the
  environment
• predator- hunts another animal for food
• prey- animal that is hunted

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Good Science Websites

• http//www.internet4classrooms.com/science_elem.ht
  m (General science)
• http//www.nsta.org/elementaryschool (NSTA
  Wesbite)
• www.chem4kids.com (Chemistry Review)
• http//www.brainpop.com/science/seeall/ (All
  Topics
• ) http//www.nasa.gov/audience/forkids/kidsclub/fl
  ash/index.html (NASA)
• http//www.pbs.org/science/

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Health and Safety

• Body Systems
• Skeletal
• Nervous
• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Nutrition
• Food pyramid
• Fats, carbohydrates, protein,

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Health and Safety

• Communicable diseases- contagious
• Non-communicable- not contagious
• Interpersonal Relationships
• Character Development
• Substance Abuse
• medicine
• factors leading to substance abuse
• strategies for resisting alcohol, tobacco
  products, or other drugs

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Basic PE Principles

• Fitness
• cardiovascular endurance
• muscular strength
• flexibility
• Movement
• locomotor, nonlocomoter, manipulative