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SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB
Lidija Štefic
ENGLISH IN DENTAL MEDICINE I
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WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH
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BASIC WORD STRUCTURE
Word root
gingiv/al
root (gums)
Suffix
gingiv/itis
suffix (inflammation)
Prefix
sub/gingiv/al
prefix (below)
Combining word
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
root
suffix
prefix
combining vowel
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SUFFIXES IN DENTAL MEDICINE
a word added at the end of a word or word base
(root) to change its meaning.
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SURGICAL PROCEDURE SUFFIXES
Incision
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Plastic operations (repair, rebulid, reconstruct,
bind)
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Refracturing, loosening, crushing
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DIAGNOSTIC AND SYMPTOMATIC SUFFIXES
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SUFFIXES ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
The adjective endings that mean pertaining to
are
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SUFFIXES NOUN ENDINGS
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PREFIXES IN DENTAL MEDICINE
at the beginning of a word
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PREFIXES OF DIRECTION
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PREFIXES OF POSITION
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PREFIXES OF NUMBER AND MEASUREMENT
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PREFIXES OF COLOUR
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PREFIXES OF NEGATION
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MISCELLANEOUS PREFIXES
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COMBINING FORMS
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ANATOMY
Anatomy (from the Greek ??at?µ?a anatomia, from
??at?µ?e?? ana separate, apart from, and
temnein, to cut up, cut open) is a branch of
biology
It is the study of exernal and internal
structures and the physical realationships betwee
n body parts
Microscopic -cytology -histology
Macroscopic (gross) -surface -regional systemic
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HYSTORY OF ANATOMY
Hippocrates of Kos(Greek ?pp????t??)
Claudius Aelius Galenus
(AD 129 200)
ca. 460 BC - ca. 370 BC
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Canon of Medicine
Ibn al-Nafis
1213-1288
1484
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Leonardo da Vinci
Anatomy Lesson of dr.Nicolaes Tulp 1632
Rembrandt 1606 - 1669
1452 - 1519
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
1632 - 1723
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Robert Hookes microscope
The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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Anatomy employs two chief methods of study - the
systemic and topographic.In the former the body
is regarded as consisting of systems and organs.
The divisions of systemic anatomy are
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Dental medicine takes into consideration other
branches of systemic anatomy such as
embriology, genetics, endocrinology and
dermatology.
Pathological anatomy is the study of diseased
organs. sections of normal anatomy applied to
various purposes receive special names such as
medical, surgical, ginaecological, artistic and
superficial anatomy
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Structural Organisation of the Body
Organs, Systems Body Cavities
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Organs and Systems
Tissues ? Patterns ? Various Organs Organs
several kinds of tissue viscera (lat.) internal
organs (sing. viscus) Systems groups of organs
working together and performing complex functions
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Gastrointestinal System

• Mouth, pharynx,
• oesophagus, stomach,
• intestines
• (small and large),
• liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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Excretory System
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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Respiratory System
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes,
lungs
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Reproductive System
Female Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, mammary glands
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Reproductive System
Male testes and associated tubes, urethra,
penis, prostate gland
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Endocrine System
Thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex
glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid
glands, pineal gland, thymus gland
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Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collection of
nerves
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Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and
capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes,
spleen, thymus gland
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Muscular System
Muscles
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Skeletal System
Bones and joints (articulations)
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Integumentary System
Skin, hair, nails and associated glands (sweat
or sudoriferous and sebaceous or oil glands)
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Body Cavities
Body cavity space within the body containing
the internal organs (viscera).
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Cranial Cavity
Brain
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Thoracic Cavity
Subdivided into -Pleural Cavities area
surrounding the lungs -The Mediastinum area
between the lungs contains heart, aorta,
trachea, oesophagus, and thymus gland
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Abdominal Cavity
Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen,
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys
Surrounded by peritoneum
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Pelvic Cavity
Urinary bladder, urethra, ureters uterus and
vagina in the female
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Spinal Cavity
Spinal cord and nerves of the spinal cord
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Glossary
tissue tkivo cavity šupljina gallbladder
žucni mjehur pancreas gušteraca spleen
slezena thymus gland prsna žlijezda thyroid
gland štitnjaca
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MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

• BONES
• JOINTS
• MUSCLES

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BONES
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Bones are complete organs, composed of
connective tissue called osseous tissue
Dense connective tissue includes the cartilage
and bone
It consists of osteocytes surrounded
by intercellular substance filled with calcium
salts
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It is composed of an outer hard layer and an
inner,spongy core. Compact tissue- forms the
outer layer of bones, it is arranged in
concentric layers with a hollow centre which
carries blood vessels and nerves.
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The inner spongy core- forms the inside of bones,
it has the yellow and red bone marrow. - the
yellow bone marrow stores fat cells
(leucocytes). - the red bone marrow contains
red cells (erythrocytes).
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External surface of bone is covered
by periosteum- it has the function of feeding
the bone
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Several hormones regulate the activity of the
bone cell

• Osteoblasts- they are immature
• osteocytes which produce the bony tissue
• that replaces cartilage during ossification

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2) Osteoclasts- they reabsorb bony tissue thus
enlarging the inner bone cavity so that the bone
does not become overly thick and heavy -
parathyroid gland stimulates osteoclasts to
remove bone and to stimulate osteoblasts to build
up the bone
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It secretes a hormone to release calcium from
bone, bones become weakened due to loss of
calcium.
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CRANIAL BONES

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid

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FACIAL BONES

• Nasal
• Lacrimal
• Maxillary
• Mandibular
• Zygomatic
• Vomer

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The Mandible
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The Maxilla
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The Palate
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JOINTS
junctions (meeting places called
articulations) between two or more bones.
SYNARTHROSES DIARTHROSES
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TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)
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FOUR MOVEMENTS OF TMJ
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MUSCLES
from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse"
Myology is the branch of anatomy dealing with the
muscles, muscular tissue components, structure
and functions.
Striated - Voluntary
Smooth - Involuntary
Cardiac
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MASTICATORY MUSCLES
Temporal Muscle
Masseter Muscle
Lateral (External) Pterygoid Muscle
Digastric Muscle (Anterior Portion)
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Temporal Muscle
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Masseter Muscle
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Lateral (External) Pterygoid Muscle
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Digastric Muscle (Anterior Portion)
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FACIAL MUSCLES
Orbicularis oris the sphincter of the mouth
The buccinator - a deep muscle of the cheek
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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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NERVE TISSUE
Neuroglia
Neurons
Neuron
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SYNAPSE
Greek "syn-" ("together") and "haptein" ("to
clasp").
synapses are specialized junctions through which
neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal
cells such as those in muscles or glands.
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THE BRAIN
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CRANIAL NERVES
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.  Olfactory
I  Optic II  Oculomotor III  Trochlear
IV  Trigeminal V  Abducens VI  Facial
VII  Auditory (vestibulocochlear)
VIII  Glossopharyngeal IX  Vagus X  Spinal
Accessory XI  Hypoglossal XII
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THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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BLOOD AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
Fluids constitute over half of an adults weight
under normal conditions These fluids are vital
in the transport of nutrients to all cells
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Blood is composed of liquid
(plasma) 55 formed elements (
erythrocytes, leukocytes and
platelets) 45
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Plasma consists of about - 90 of water 7
proteins less than 1 inorganic salts, organic
substances, dissolved gases, hormones,
antibodies and enzymes
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Many important proteins such as serum,
albumin, gamma globulin and fibrinogen are
dissolved in the plasma
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Fibrinogen is essential in the clotting process
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All blood cells originate from hemocytoblasts
They change from undifferentiated form into
specialized or differentiated
Hematopoiesis
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Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the
body tissues, and carbon dioxide from the
tissues to the lungs
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Erythrocytes

• The great majority of
• all blood cells
• 35 trillion in the
• average adult
• Total surface area almost
• the size of a football field

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Hemoglobin enables carrying oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues
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• Red blood cells are
• stored in the spleen
• They live for about
• 110 to 120 days
• About 180 million
• erythrocytes are
• destroyed every
• minute

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Leukocytes
Bodys primary defense against Infections These
cells are larger than erythrocytes and fewer in
number Blood has about 8000 leukocytes per
cubic millimeter
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• Classification of leukocytes
• Granulocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils,
  basophils)
• 2. Agranulocytes (monocytes, lynphocytes)

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Neutrophils form about 70, and limphocytes
about 20 of the total number
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
Small clear disk-shaped bodies
About 1/3 the size of erythrocytes
25000 platelets per one cubic millimeter of blood
They initiate blood clotting
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Platelets disintegrate and adhere to the edges of
the injured tissue
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Blood coagulation (clotting)
The process by which the body prevents blood loss
Bleeding generally stops within 5 minutes
A thrombus can form within a vessel
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Defects in blood vessels (owing to injury or
disease)

• Anemia
• Neutropenia
• Human immunodeficiency
• virus (HIV)
• Leukimia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Hemophilia

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BLOOD TRANSFUSION BLOOD GROUPS
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Four main blood groups
Type O universal donorsType AB universal
recipients
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Rhesus factor - Rh
Another important factor, called Rh factor must
also be considered in blood typing. This is a
very complex system 8 principal variants of the
Rh factor are known, and there are others not yet
identified and grouped. For practical reasons
there are 2 main groups of Rh types ?Rh
positive ?Rh negative
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Blood diseases
Blood parasites Christmas disease Hemophilia Malar
ia Septicemia Vitamin K deficiency Hemoglobin
C,S,E disease
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Vitamin K deficiency
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Anemia
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Malaria
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Hemophilia
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THE CIRCULATORY AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system is composed of
the heart, blood vessels and blood. The
circulatory system consists of the heart, blood
vessels and lymphatics. This system transports
food, oxygen, and other vital substances to all
body cells and picks up waste products for
disposal.
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THE HEART
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps
blood through the blood vessels. It is enclosed
in a fibrouserous sac called pericardium. The
heart beats over 100.000 times per day. It
weights about one half pound and is the size of
clenched fist
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The heart has three distinctive layers of
tissue The endocardium The myocardium The
epicardium
The heart is divided into four chambers Right
atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle
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BLOOD VESSELS
ARTERIES
carry blood from the heart to the body tissues
and organs
VEINS
carry blood back to the heart from body organs
and tissues
CAPILLARIES
connect arterioles to venules.
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph fluid Capillaries Lymphatic
vessels Lymphatic ducts Lymph nodes
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FUNCTION
Transporting fluids from tissues back to the
bloodstream
Aiding in the control of infection caused by
microorganisms
Conveyance of lipids or fats away from the
digestive organs
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Lymph nodes of the human head and neck
Regional lymph tissue
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THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is basically a long,
muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends
at the anus
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The functions of the digestive system are
threefold
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Digestive enzymes are substances that speed
up chemical reactions and help in the breakdown
of complex nutrients Digestion can be defined as
a complete process of changing the chemical and
physical composition of food in order to
facilitate assimilations of the
nourishing ingredients of flood by the cells of
the body
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The gastrointestinial (GI) tract begins at the
oral cavity or mouth
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THE MOUTH
The mouth is the first division of the digestive
tube and is separable into two parts, smaller
external part, the vestibule formed by the lips
cheek, gums and teeth and a larger part, the
mouth proper (oral) cavity behind the gums and
teeth
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Lips and cheeks
Lips are a visible body part at the mouth of
humans and many animals. Lips are soft,
movable, and serve as the opening for food intake
, and in the articulation of speech, as a
tactile sensory organ as an erogenous organ
used in kissing and other acts of intimacy.
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Cheeks (Latin buccae) constitute the area of
the face below the eyes and between the nose and
the left or right ear.
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Gums and teeth
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Gingiva are part of the soft tissue lining of the
mouth.
They surround the teeth and provide a seal around
them.
Compared with the soft tissue linings of the lips
and cheeks, most of the gingiva are tightly bound
to the underlying bone and are designed to resist
the friction of food passing over them. Healthy
gingiva is usually coral pink, but may contain
physiologic pigmentation. Changes in color,
particularly increased redness, together with
edema and an increased tendency to bleed,
suggest an inflammation (gingivitis)

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Teeth (singular, Tooth) are small whitish
structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many
vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk
and chew food
Humans usually have 20 primary teeth (also
called deciduous, baby, or milk teeth) and 32
permanent teeth. Among primary teeth, 10 are
found in the (upper) maxilla and the other 10 in
the (lower) mandible. Teeth are classified as
incisors, canines,premolars and molars .
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The main functions of the teeth
Incisors cutting Canines tearing Premolars
crushing Molars grinding
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The tongue
The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of
the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and
swallowing (deglutition).
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• The main functions of the tongue
• It moves food around in the mouth
• It begins swallowing action (deglutition)
• It aids in speech production
• It provides the equipment for taste sensation