Higher Human Biology

1
Higher Human Biology

• Human Cell Types

2
Introduction

• The human body is made up of many specialised
  cells that perform specific functions.
• Specialised cells arise from the differentiation
  of unspecialised cells during embryological
  development.

3
Stem cellswhat do you know already?

• Use the questions below to help you complete a
  KWL chart to show the following information
• K what you know already
• W what you want to learn about stem cells during
  this unit
• L complete this at the end of the unit to
  summarise what you have learned
• Some questions to think about
• What is a cell?
• What varieties of cell exist?
• What is a tissue? Give some examples.
• What is an organ? Give some examples.
• What is a system? Give some examples.
• What is a stem cell?
• What are some different types of stem cells?
• What is the purpose of stem cell research?
• What are some ways that stem cells have been
  successfully used in medicine?
• What are some of the issues in stem cell
  research?
• What are some of the misconceptions that people
  have about stem cell research?

4
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the
ability to reproduce and differentiate into a
diverse range of specialised cells.
5
Types of stem cells
Embryonic
Adult
6
Embryonic stem cells

• Embryonic stem cells are derived from an embryo
  about 45 days old (bastocyst).
• These cells have the ability to differentiate
  into all of the cell types that make up an
  organism.

7
Adult (tissue) stem cells

• Adult or tissue stem cells are found in small
  numbers in the tissues and organs of adults and
  children, including the brain, bone marrow,
  skeletal muscle and skin.
• These cells give rise to a much more limited
  range of cell types and will tend to develop into
  cell types that are closely related to the tissue
  in which they are found.
• These cells replenish differentiated cells that
  need replaced in the tissues in which they are
  found.

8
Other types of stem cells

• Stem cells can also be taken from the umbilical
  cord of new babies.
• Like adult stem cells, these cells can
  differentiate into a limited range of specialised
  cells.

9
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells
that have been genetically reprogrammed to an
embryonic stem cell-like state.
10
Somatic cells
Somatic cells are the differentiated cells that
form the different types of body tissue that
exist.
11
Somatic cells
B Lymphocyte
Smooth muscle
Hyaline cartilage
12
Somatic cells
neutrophil
Ciliated epithelial cell
Red blood cell
platelets
13
Somatic cells
Cardiac muscle
Squamous epithelial cells
Nerve cells
T lymphocyte
14
Germline cells
Germline cells include the gametes and the cells
that produce the gametes.
15
Division of germline cells

• Germline cells can divide by mitosis to produce
  more germline cells.
• Gamete mother cells divide by meiosis to produce
  gametes.

16
Stem cell research

• Stem cell research provides us with a wealth of
  information and can be studied in a variety of
  ways, including
• how cell processes such as growth,
  differentiation and gene regulation work
• the study of diseases and their development
• drug testing
• therapeutic uses in the treatment of diseases
  such as leukaemia (bone marrow transplant),
  Hunters disease and heart disease
• therapeutic uses in medicine, including skin
  grafts for burns and stem cell grafts for cornea
  repair.

17
For example, stem cells could be turned into new
bone cells and then injected into weak or broken
bones.
Or they could become nerve cells that could heal
spinal cord injuries.
Skin cells could replace burnt skin, and brain
cells could help people who have suffered brain
damage.
Stem cells could be taken from someone with heart
disease and be turned into heart cells, which can
gather in a dish and throb! They could then be
injected back into the patient to rebuild their
heart tissue and combat heart disease.
18
Parkinson's disease

• Parkinson's is a very common disease starting
  with mild symptoms, a mask-like face, stiffness
  and tremors until sufferers eventually become
  immobile. It is caused by a slow deterioration of
  certain brain cells (neurons) and there's no
  cure.
• Replacing the affected brain cells seems more
  hopeful than finding better drugs. Many people
  think that stem cells could be grown into new
  brain cells that could help to treat or even cure
  Parkinson's.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Therapeutic stem cell cloning
21
Presentation task

• Using what you have learned already and adding
  further research, create a presentation that
  covers the following aspects of stem cells
• the biology of stem cells what is a stem cell,
  types of stem cells
• the potential of stem cells details of one or
  two research projects involving stem cells that
  you have found particularly interesting, details
  of potential therapies
• stem cell dilemmas explore the moral and
  ethical issues surrounding stem cell research
  (personal points of view can be expressed if
  desired).
• You will be assessed using all three of the above
  criteria as well as on the overall quality of
  your presentation.

22
Not in our back yard!

• Should a business license be issued to ESC
  lifeworks Inc. by the city of Glasgow?

23
Cancer cells

• Cancer cells have many characteristics that make
  them different from normal cells
• Cancer cells continue to reproduce to produce a
  mass of abnormal cells (a benign tumour).
• They do not respond to normal regulatory signals
  that would instruct them to stop dividing when
  necessary.
• They lose the molecules on their surface that
  would normally hold them in place and can
  therefore be detached from their neighbours,
  causing the cells to spread (malignant tumour).

Skin cancer cells (melanoma)
24
HPV

• Certain strains of the human papilloma virus
  (HPV) have been shown to cause cervical cancer.
• The routine immunisation programme in Scotland is
  for girls aged 12 and 13 (S2). There is also a
  one-off, three-year catch-up programme for older
  girls.

25
Your task

• Produce an information leaflet designed to answer
  the questions of a patient recently diagnosed
  with cancer. Points to consider
• How are cancer cells different from other cells?
• What is a tumour?
• How will I know if my cancer has spread?
• What is the difference between a malignant tumour
  and a benign tumour?
• How will my cancer be treated?