Historia de Espa

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Historia de España
Based mainly on Encarta Articles
Presentación Jeanine Carr
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PREHISTORIA - ALTAMIRA
Bison and other animals, painted mostly in red,
black, and mauve, form a spectacular ensemble on
a ceiling within the prehistoric cave at
Altamira, in Northern Spain. These drawings are
estimated to date from approximately 13,000 to
14,000 years ago. Characteristic of prehistoric
cave paintings, drawings, and engravings is the
absence of a painted horizon line and the
apparent lack of relationship between one image
and those adjacent to it.
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About 1100-800 BC Phoenicians began colonizing Spain. Modern cities such as Cádiz and Málaga were founded by the Phoenicians during this time.
400s BC The Carthaginians conquered much of Spain.
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Spain ranks as a world leader in both wine grape and olive production. These grape vines and olive trees grow near Lérida, a city in eastern Spain. Most grapes and olives are raised in the countrys east or south, the most intensively irrigated regions of the largely hot and arid country.


Photo Researchers, Inc./Porterfield-Chickering
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Hannibal

• The Carthaginian general Hannibal is
  considered one of the greatest military
  commanders in history. In 218 BC Hannibal
  traveled from Spain across the Alps to attack
  Rome. He inflicted crushing defeats on Roman
  armies as he marched, but lacked the
  reinforcements necessary to take the city. In 202
  BC Hannibal was called back to Africa to defend
  Carthage against invading Roman forces, and there
  he was finally defeated at the Battle of Zama.

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200s BC Spain became an important part of the
Roman Empire following the Punic Wars.
As Carthage expanded into the Iberian peninsula,
or what is now mostly Spain, Rome became
increasingly concerned. During the Second Punic
War of the second century BC, Romans finally
drove the Carthaginians out of the peninsula. The
area, divided into Hispania Citerior and Hispania
Ulterior, yielded rich agriculture and mining
resources. Although the Roman influence in Spain
largely dissolved after the 4th century AD, much
of its presence can still be seen in ruins such
as these aqueducts in Segovia.
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Roman Iberia

Beginning with the Second Punic War (218-201 BC),
the Roman army spent about 200 years gaining
control of the Iberian Peninsula. At the height
of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century, the
territory now comprising Spain and Portugal was
divided into three provinces. The Roman Senate
controlled Baetica, in the southernmost region of
the peninsula. Lusitania and Tarraconensis were
Imperial provinces controlled by the emperor.
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AD 573 The Visigoths completed their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

The medieval city of Toledo is situated on a high
hill above the Tajo River in central Spain.
Toledo was the capital of the Visigothic kingdom
in Spain. The city has narrow winding streets and
contains many historic sites.
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LOS MOROS 711-1492
711-718 The Moors conquered most of Spain. Many Spaniards converted to Islam, and Moorish culture began to flourish.
1000s The Christian reconquest of Spain began.
Moorish architecture Horseshoe arc (arco de
herradura) Geometrical designs
Mosaics (cut tile design)
Arabic scriptures from the Koran or
from famous pets
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Arco de herradura
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CÓRDOBA
The Moorish influence in Córdoba, Spain, dates
from the 8th century, when it became a Muslim
caliphate. The citys Moorish architecture
includes the cathedral, originally an impressive
mosque.
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La Alhambra

• The Alhambra complex sits on a hill at the
  base of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in
  Granada, Spain. The Alhambra is made up of three
  distinct areas a fortress known as the Alcazaba,
  extensive gardens called the Generalife, and the
  royal palace. The Alcazaba, parts of which date
  to the 11th century, is the oldest part of the
  complex. During the 13th and 14th centuries,
  Spains Moorish rulers built the Generalife and
  the royal palace in the Islamic architectural
  style. This photo faces the Alcazaba, with parts
  of the royal palace showing in the background.

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Spread of Islam In the 7th and 8th centuries the religion of Islam spread through conversion and military conquest throughout the Middle East and North Africa. By 733, just 100 years after the death of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, an ordered Islamic state stretched from India in the east to Spain in the west.

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Isabella I

• In 1469 Isabella of Castile, heiress to the
  Castilian crown, married her cousin, Ferdinand of
  Aragón (later known as Ferdinand V). As Queen
  Isabella I, she and Ferdinand ruled the kingdoms
  of Castile and Aragón. Their rule brought about
  the permanent union of Spain and saw the
  beginning of an overseas empire in the Americas

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Ferdinand V

• King Ferdinand V was a gifted statesman.
  Ferdinand used foreign policy to expand the
  domains controlled by the kingdoms of Aragón and
  Castille, which he and his wife Queen Isabella I
  ruled jointly. When Ferdinand died, both of their
  crowns went to their grandson, Charles I, later
  known as Charles V.

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Cristóbal Colón

• Sponsored by Spain, explorer Christopher
  Columbus sailed west from Europe in an attempt to
  find a shorter route to India and China. He
  landed in The Bahamas in 1492. Soon after, Spain
  began to colonize areas of the West Indies.

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By colonizing the Americas, Spain became one of
the richest and most powerful countries of the
16th century. At the height of its power in 1588,
the Spanish Empire included the West Indies,
Cuba, Florida, Mexico, Central America, much of
South America, and the Philippines.
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1479 Aragón and Castile were united under Ferdinand V and Isabella I. The following year the Spanish Inquisition was established.
1492 The Kingdom of Granada was conquered, ending Moorish rule in Spain. Christopher Columbus initiated Spanish claims in the Americas, where Spain quickly established a huge colonial empire.
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Carlos V
Charles V was born Charles I, the grandson of
Ferdinand of Castile and Isabella I and heir to
Burgundy and Spain. He then acquired Austria,
Hungary, and Bohemia through succession. He
bribed the electors of the Holy Roman Empire to
name him emperor, crowning him Charles V and
giving him rule over more countries than any
other European monarch.
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1512 The Kingdom of Navarre was absorbed into the unified Kingdom of Spain. Spanish culture flourished and Spain became a world power.
1588 The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, beginning a period of slow decline for Spain.
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Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish churchman Ignatius of Loyola founded a pious fraternal order in Paris in 1534, that received papal confirmation as the Order of the Jesuits in 1540. Motivated by the desire to restore piety, Loyola and the Jesuits were later strong proponents of the Counter Reformation.

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Philip II Felipe II

• The Spanish Empire reached its height during
  the reign of Philip II (1556-1598), and Spains
  great Golden Age of art, literature, and learning
  began under him. However, Philips efforts to
  stamp out Protestantism in Europe, including
  attempts to conquer England, permanently impaired
  the financial resources of Spain.

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Spanish Armada
Spanish king Philip II planned to build a fleet
unequaled in power in the 1580s in hopes of not
only ending English raids on Spanish towns and
ships but also to invade and conquer England.
Eight years later, 130 large battleships sailed
for England. The English failed to stop the fleet
in long-range cannon duels. They next used ships
laden with gunpowder and set afire to attack the
Armada. The Spanish force eluded the fire ships
by sailing out to sea, but strong gales wrecked
most of the ships off the coast of Ireland, and
only 67 ships returned to Spain.
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Madrids Plaza Mayor

  
Built during the reign of Philip III in the early
17th century, the Plaza Mayor was used for a
variety of activities, including bullfights,
executions during the Inquisition, and festivals.
Today it is one of Madrids main tourist
attractions.
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Cervantes

• Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes
  changed the face of fiction with his early 17th
  century masterpiece, Don Quixote (part I, 1605
  part II, 1615). In the book, a distinguished
  country gentleman becomes a knight after reading
  too many chivalric novels. Intended as a spoof on
  the romantic literature of the time, Don Quixote
  exposed and satirized Spanish society, medieval
  romance, and the pastoral novel. Don Quixote
  reveals the essential humanity of its complex,
  crazed characters and has influenced many
  subsequent works.

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Windmills dot the landscape in the region of La Mancha, Spain. The area is known as the land of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, characters in a novel by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. Considered the first modern novel, it was published in the early 17th century and was set in La Mancha.

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Felipe IV
Philip IV (of Spain, Naples, and Sicily)
Insurrection and the loss of territory marked the
reign of Philip IV. While ruler of Spain, Naples,
and Sicily during the 17th century, the weak
monarch lost Portugal (1640) and then experienced
rebellion in Catalonia (1640-53) and Naples
(1647). He precipitated the decline of his native
country, Spain, through exhaustive wars with
Portugal, the Netherlands, and France. As a
result, Philip IV was forced to cede Spanish
territory to both the Netherlands and France in
1648 and 1649.
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1714 Great Britain gained Gibraltar from Spain.
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1808 Napoleon I of France invaded Spain and captured Madrid. Spanish, English, and Portuguese forces did not drive the French from Spain until 1814.
Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, instituted an
oppressive reign, revoking the liberal
constitution drafted in 1812 and ruling as an
absolute monarch. He was forced from his throne
by French Emperor Napoleon I in 1808 and, in
1820, by his own people, who opposed his harsh
rule
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Spanish artist Francisco de Goya painted Third of
May, 1808 in 1814. His purpose was to commemorate
the Spanish war of liberation, during which a
number of innocent civilians were shot by
soldiers from Napoleons army.

  
El tres de mayo, 1808
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1810-1825 Most of Spain's American colonies won their independence. 1- Simon Bolívar el Libertador de Venezuela y Colombia 2- José de San Martín, el Libertador de Chile y Argentina
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Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), el Libertador
Venezuela.

• Six nations Venezuela, Colombia, Panama,
  Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia venerate Simón Bolívar
  as their liberator from the rule of Spain. This
  great statesman, writer, and revolutionary
  general is known as the George Washington of
  South America. He inspired men to follow him
  through trackless wilderness to fight and die for
  liberty. Bolívar's followers, however, did not
  support him as loyally in his struggle to set up
  stable governments. Simón Bolívar was born in
  Caracas (now in Venezuela) on July 24, 1783, of a
  noble Spanish family. Orphaned in boyhood, the
  youth was educated in Europe. He absorbed the
  spirit of revolution then widespread in Europe
  and vowed to free Venezuela. When Napoleón
  Bonaparte overran Spain, the restive colonies of
  Spanish America seized the opportunity to revolt.
  Venezuela was the first to declare its
  independence, in 1811. The revolt failed and in
  1812 the colony was again under stern Spanish
  rule. For 20 years Bolívar led the fight to free
  northern South America. His small, poorly
  equipped forces won amazing victories and met
  overwhelming defeats. At one time he might be a
  conquering hero, with honors and autocratic power
  at another, a fugitive in exile. At his height,
  between 1825 and 1828, he was president or
  protector of Gran Colombia (now Venezuela,
  Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador), Peru, and the
  newly formed Bolivia.The spirit of disunion and
  opposition, however, was strong. Bitter and
  broken in health, he died at a friend's estate in
  Colombia on Dec. 17,1830 seven months after he
  resigned his offices. Bolívar was a sincere
  patriot, devoted to the cause of liberty and
  equality. While ruler of Venezuela he proclaimed
  the liberation of slaves. He also was a pioneer
  in urging the formation of a union of American
  republics

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José de San Martín - El Libertador

• By the 1820s, the cumbersome methods by which
  taxation was extracted by a stagnant and
  complacent Spain allowed a flowering pan-American
  identity to blossom into a push for full
  independence. Simón Bolívar and José de San
  Martín led armies of freedom fighters from
  Venezuela to Peru, and from Argentina into Chile.
  Bernardo O'Higgins, son of an Irish immigrant and
  erstwhile viceroy of Peru, became supreme
  director of the new Chilean republic. The newly
  independent Chile was a fraction of its eventual
  size, consisting of Santiago and Concepción, and
  with fuzzy borders with Bolivia and Argentina.
  The coming of the railways and military triumphs
  over Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific
  (1879-83) incorporated the mineral-rich Atacama
  desert to the north and the southern temperate
  territories. Chile quickly achieved a degree of
  political stability and relative democracy,
  enabling rapid agricultural development and the
  advancement of mining, industry and commerce. The
  now empowered working class and the nouveau riche
  both challenged the political power of the
  landowning oligarchy in a brief but bloody civil
  war in the 1890s.

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Isabella II

• The reign of Isabella II, queen of Spain, was
  marred by intrigues and political instability.
  She was deposed in the Revolution of 1868.

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1898 Spain lost the rest of its important overseas possessions following the Spanish-American War.
Cuba Puerto Rico Guam The Phillipines
1931 King Alfonso XIII fled from Spain, and the country became a republic.
In 1936 a group of military leaders tried to
overthrow Spains elected government, beginning
the Spanish Civil War. Together with their
supporters, such as the troops shown here, they
became known as the Nationalists.
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Republican Soldiers in BattleSoldier Killed in
Action
                                
          Expand


                                      
Republicans in the Trenches
This series of photographs was taken by Hungarian-American photographer Robert Capa during the Spanish Civil War. Capa supported the Republican forces who fought durign 1936 through 1939 to defend Spain's elected government from an attempted military coup. As he documented the Republicans efforts, Capa became the first to capture on film a soldier being killed in action.
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1936-1939 Spanish Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco defeated Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War.
During the Spanish Civil War, General Francisco
Franco was the leader of the Nationalist forces
that fought to overthrow Spains elected
government. As a result of the Nationalist
victory in 1939, Franco became el Caudillo (the
leader) of Spain and ruled the country until his
death in 1975.

  
Francisco Franco Salutes a Crowd
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Guernica
La Guerra Civil 1936 -1939
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SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936 - 1939.

• King Alfonso XIII abdicated the throne and went
  in exile in Rome.
• The country chose in favor of a Republic rather
  than continue the Monarchy.
• Two parties emerge in Spain, the Nationalists and
  the Republicans / Loyalists.
• The Civil War saw both sides in fierce battles
• - The Nationalists with the help of Italy and
  Germany, headed by General Francisco
  Franco
• - The Republicans / Loyalists with the help of
  Russia, France and the U.S.
• The Germans destroyed Guernica with their
  bombers. This was immortalized by Picasso in his
  painting of the same name, Guernica. The
  Republicans lost.
• Franco became Presidente / Dictator of the
  country, (el país) for almost 40 years. Franco
  repressed freedom of speech and expression. Most
  artists were imprisoned or had fled to France.
• Franco appointed Juán Carlos, grandson of
  Alphonso XIII, as his successor to the leadership
  of Spain. The Monarchy was restored at his death
  in 1975. El Rey Juán Carlos y la Reina Sofía de
  Grecia tienen 3 hijos Elena, Cristina and
  Felipe. Felipe, Príncipe de Asturias should later
  inherit the throne.
• The Memorial to the victims of the Civil War (la
  Guerra Civil) is El Valle de los Caídos, not far
  from El Escorial

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1968 Buoyed by strong economic growth, the government eased censorship restrictions. Protests erupted in Barcelona and Madrid, and regional separatist groups gained strength.
The Basque Country own language
Euskara Cataluña own language
Catalán Galicia own language Gallego
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S.M. El Rey de España

• el Rey Don Juán Carlos de Borbon
• Roma, el 5 de enero 1938
• Rey de España en 1975

1975 Franco died and was succeeded by King Juan Carlos. Spain began the transition to a democratic government.
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Shown here are disguised members of the Basque
separatist group known as the ETA (Euskadi Ta
Askatasuna, Basque for Basque Homeland and
Liberty). The ETA has used terrorist tactics to
push for the Basque Countrys independence from
Spain


  
ETA Basque Separatists
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1980s Spain joined
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
the European Community (now the European Union
and
increasing its ties with the rest of Europe.
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Spanish politician José María Aznar became prime
minister of Spain in 1996.
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LOS OLÍMPICOS EN BARCELONA

• 1992 The Summer Olympic Games were held in
  Barcelona
• Los Olímpicos de 1992
• Es un estadio muy grande
• Celebración frente al Palacio Nacional

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1994 1999 Spain threatened to block expansion of the European Union until a compromise guaranteed protection of Spanish fishing rights. Agreements were reached in March and December giving Spain wider access. January no more pesetas! Spain adopts the uro currency.
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