Plasmodium falciparum

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Plasmodium falciparum
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0verview

• Malaria
• Plasmodium falciparum biology
• toxins
• Vaccines
• Mosquitoes

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What is Plasmodium falciparum?

• Protozoa
• Malaria

http//www.traveldoctor.info/diseases/1.html
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Impact

• 300 million acute illness
• 100 million deaths
• A child in Africa dies every 30 seconds

http//mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/372/R
BMInfosheet_1.htm
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Most vulnerable population
http//www.lakareutangranser.se/default.asp?mall1
ArtikelID165UrvKat43Kategori
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Symptoms of infection

• Characteristic fever 2-3 day cycle
• cold stage
• hot stage
• sweating stage
• Anemia
• Renal failure
• Seizures
• coma

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Diagnosis

• Symptoms
• Microscopy
• PCR
• ELISA

http//mosquito.who.int/docs/hbsm_diagnosis.htm
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Treatment

• Chloroquine most common and effective drug used
  to treat malaria
• Causes nausea, blurred vision, and in some cases
  neurological dysfunction and seizures

http//www.globalphar.com/chl_pic.php
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Roll Back Malaria

• Insecticide treated nets
• Indoor residual spraying
• Intermittent
• preventatives
• Prompt treatment

http//www.rbm.who.int/cgi-bin/rbm/rbmportal/custo
m/rbm/home.do
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Mosquitofish
http//www.clevelandaquariumsociety.org/mosquitofi
sh.jpg
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Life cycle of Plasmodium Falciparum
http//post.queensu.ca/forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm
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Sporozoits in the liver

• Pores
• Kupffer cells
• Reproduction

http//k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm
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Sporozoits in the blood
http//astuasbalas.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_astuasb
alas_archive.html
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Gametocyte development

• Sexual commitment
• Sequestered in bones
• Resistance to quinine
• Longevity

Female gametocyte
http//www.bepast.org/dataman.pl?clibdirdocs/ph
otos/malaria
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Gametocyte Infectivity

• Temp drop
• Red blood cells lysed
• Xanthurenic acid and exflagellation
• eye color

http//lozere.org/perso/malaria/parasit.htm
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Gametogenisis

• Rapid morphological changes

male gametocyte
http//www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Plasm
odium01.html
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Ookinets

• 2 divisions
• Anatomy of a mosquito midgut

http//www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/news/encount
er/
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Oocysts

• Sporozoit budding
• Number of sporozoits per oocyst

http//www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/parasite/plasmod
ium.html
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Sporozoits

• Migration

http//www.malarlife.dfl.org.za/malaria20virus20
photos.htm
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Mosquito bites person
http//post.queensu.ca/forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm
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Pathogenicity
http//www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5757
/outputRegister/lowhtml
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Toxins

• Resistance
• Hemozin
• TNF-alpha IL-1 and IFN-gamma

http//www.wordsources.info/words-mod-malaria.html
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Tumor Necrosis factor
http//www.farm.kuleuven.ac.be/anafar/lab/protein/
tnf.htm
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Toxicity and pathogenicity

• Proteins and cell membranes

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Rosetting

• Five receptors
• Immune
• system evasion?

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Antigenic Variation

• Opportunities abound

http//www.lovetoparty.co.nz/images/SURPRISE.jpg
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Crossover
http//www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/crossove
r.jpg
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Var Family
http//www.niaid.nih.gov/dir/labs/lmvr/mgs.htm
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Research About Malaria
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PO phosphoriboprotein
http//www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcg
i?toolpubmedpubmedid15322057
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Vaccines

• New treatment
• Acquired immunity
• challenges

http//web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/vacc2.html
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Prevention of Liver stage infection
http//www.med.nyu.edu/parasitology/faculty/ufreve
rt.html
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Vaccinating mosquitoes
http//www.bigthings.ca/manitoba/pictures/1mos1.jp
g
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Paratransgenesis
http//www.mbl.edu/Astrobiology/Riley/image/E.coli
.gif
http//www.invivo.fiocruz.br/celula/imagens/bacill
us.jpg
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Engineering mosquitoes

• 3 stages
• AgAper promoter
• vitellogenin promoter
• salvitory promoters

http//jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/21/
3809/FIG2
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Other ways to reduce infection
http//www.wmconnolley.org.uk/bees/
http//k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm
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Future challenges

• Funding
• Research
• Distribution
• Funding

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Conclusion

• "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways
  that won't work." Thomas Alva Edison

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Sources

• See notes section for a list of references
  arranged by slide number.