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Title: hosseini@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir E.mail

1
?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????

????? ?????
???? ??? ???? ????? ???
hosseini_at_ferdowsi.um.ac.ir E.mail
Home Page hosseini.staffcms.um.ac.ir

2
???? ?????

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Central Processing unit (CPU)
Input / Output
Storage
Operating System
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ? ???????
?????? ?? ??????? ?????????
?????? ?? ??????? ????????
?????? ?? ?? ? ?? ??????
?????? ?? LMS ? ????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????
?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? online
?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???
?????? ?? RSS (Really Simple Syndication )
????? ????? ??? ????? ????

3
??????

????? 1 ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? 5 ????
????? 2 ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????
????? 3 ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? OPAC(Online
Public Access Catalog)
????? 4????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????
????? 5 ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? webinar

4
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???? ? ????? ?? ????? ????( ?? ???? ? ??? ?????
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5
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6
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????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????.(???? ????? ????????
?? ???? ?? ????)
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7
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??? ?? ????.

8
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?????.
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????(??????) ?? ???.

9
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????? ???? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???? ? ??????
????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????
????????? ???? ?? ???.

10
???? ??? ????????

???? ????? (Input Unit)
???? ????? (System Unit)
???? ????? (Output Unit)

11
???? ??? ????????
12
???? ?????

???? ????? (Memory Unit)
???? ????? (Control Unit)
???? ?????? ? ???? (Arithematic Logic Unit)

13
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14
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15
The Little Man Computer
16
????? ?????

????? ????
- ????? ???? (Cache)
- ???? ?? (Registers)
- ????? ???? (Main Memory)
????? ?????

17
RAM ?? ????? SAM

RAM (Random Access Memory)
??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? .
??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????" ???????
???? ???
SAM (Serial Access Memory)
????? ???SAM ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???
????? ????? ? ????" ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????

18
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???) ???) ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???.

19
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20
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RAM( Random Access Memory)
ROM( Read Only Memory)
PROM( Programmable ROM)
EPROM( Erasable PROM)

21
RAM

1- ?? ???????? (SRAM) ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??
????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????
?? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????
??????? ?????.2- ?? ???????? (DRAM) ????? ???
????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????????
???? ???? ???/??? ?? ???. ???? ???? ???? ??? ???
????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? refresh ????. ???
??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? SRAM ????? ???? ???????
???? ( ???? ??????? ????? ) ??? ??????? ?? ????
?????.

22
ROM

Non-volatile memory to hold software that is not
expected to change over the life of the system
Magnetic core memory
EEPROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM
Flash ROM
Faster than disks but more expensive
Uses
BIOS initial boot instructions and diagnostics
Digital cameras

23
????? ?????

?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
-1 ????? ??? ??? MAR
LMC 100 (00 to 99)
2K where K width of the register in bits
-2 ???? ???? ??????????
4 bits allows 16 locations
8 bits allows 256 locations
32 bits allows 4,294,967,296 or 4 GB
????? ????? ?? ??????
Insufficient memory can cause a processor to work
at 50 below performance

24
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25
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26
Cache
27
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Level 1 of Cache
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Level 2 of Cache
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????? ???
Level 2 of Cache
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28
(No Transcript)
29
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30
Fetch-Execute Cycle

Two-cycle process because both instructions and
data are in memory
Fetch
Decode or find instruction, load from memory into
register and signal ALU
Execute
Performs operation that instruction requires
Move/transform data

31
????? ??? MAR ? MDR
32
???? MAR-MDR
msb(memory storage buffer) lsb(latest significant
byte)
33
?????? ?? ?????
34
Load Fetch/Execute Cycle
35
Store Fetch/Execute Cycle
36
ADD Fetch/Execute Cycle
37
Instruction Elements

OPCODE task
Source OPERAND(s)
Result OPERAND
Location of data (register, memory)
Explicit included in instruction
Implicit default assumed

Addresses
38
Instruction Types

Data Transfer (load, store)
Most common, greatest flexibility
Involve memory and registers
Whats a word ? 16? 32? 64 bits?
Arithmetic
Operators - /
Integers and floating point
Logical or Boolean
Relational operators gt lt
Boolean operators AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NOT
Single operand manipulation instructions
Negating, decrementing, incrementing

39
More Instruction Types

Bit manipulation instructions
Flags to test for conditions
Shift and rotate
Program control
Stack instructions
Multiple data instructions
I/O and machine control

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40
Register Shifts and Rotates
41
Stack Instructions

Stack instructions
LIFO method for organizing information
Items removed in the reverse order from that in
which they are added

Push
Pop
42
Fixed Location Subroutine Return Address
Storage
43
?????? ??

Data Bus
?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???. ???
?????? ???? ??? ? ??? ??????? ???
Address Bus
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?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??
???? ?????? ???? ????? ???
Control Bus
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???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??
?? ???? ????

44
????????
45
?????? ??
46
Point-to-point vs. Multipoint
Plug-in device
Broadcast bus Example Ethernet
Shared among multiple devices
47
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48
???? ???? ????????

???? ???? ?? CPU ? ????? ?????? ?? ????

49
???????? ?? PC
AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port) PCI(Peripheral
Component Interconnect) ISA(Industry Standard
Architecture)
50
???? ?????

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????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???.

51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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56
????? /?????
57
Basic Model

Processing speed or program execution
determined primarily by ability of I/O operations
to stay ahead of processor.

58
I/O Considerations

Speed Issues
CPU operates at speeds much faster than the
fastest I/O device
Devices operate at different speeds
Character device, there is not any addressing or
searching, printer, network card
Block devices (disk or tape drive)
Coordination
Several devices perform I/O simultaneously
Unexpected input
Various input formats
Status information needed for each device

59
I/O Device Interface Issues

Different formats
parallel interface
serial interface
Buffering of data
Burst vs. stream
Different control requirements
electromechanical

60
Examples of I/O Devices
61
Simple I/O Configuration
62
I/O Modules Functions

Recognizes messages from device(s) addressed to
it and accepts commands from the CPU
Provides a buffer where the data from memory can
be held until it can be transferred to the disk
Provides the necessary registers and controls to
perform a direct memory transfer
Physically controls the device
Copies data from its buffer to the device/from
the CPU to its buffer
Notifies with interrupts

63
Input/Output Modules

Programmed I/O
CPU controlled I/O
Interrupt Driven I/O
External input controls
Direct Memory Access Controllers
Method for transferring data between main memory
and a device that bypasses the CPU

64
Programmed I/O
65
Programmed I/O Example
66
Programmed I/O Example
67
Interrupts

Signal that causes the CPU to alter its normal
flow on instruction execution
frees CPU from waiting for events
provides control for external input
Examples
unexpected input
abnormal situation
illegal instructions
multitasking, multiprocessing

68
The CPU - The Interrupt Cycle

Fetch / Execute cycle
Interrupt cycle

START
Fetch Next Instruction
Execute Instruction
HALT
Interrupts Disabled
Check/Process Interrupt
69
Interrupt Terminology

Interrupt lines (hardware)
Interrupt request
Interrupt handlers
Program that services the interrupt
Also known as an interrupt routine
Process Control Block (PCB)
Located in a part of memory known as the stack
area
All registers of a program are saved here before
control is transferred to the interrupt handler

70
Interrupt Terminology

Servicing the interrupt
suspends program in progress
saves pertinent information including last
instruction executed and data values in registers
in the PCB (process control block)
branches to interrupt handler

71
Servicing an Interrupt
72
Use of Interrupts

Notify that an external event has occurred
real-time or time-sensitive
Signal completion
printer ready or buffer full
Allocate CPU time
time sharing
Indicate abnormal event (CPU originates for
notification and recovery)
illegal operation, hardware error
Software interrupts

73
Multiple Interrupts Example
74
Basic CPU-Memory-I/O Pathway
75
External Interface Buses and Ports

Parallel port
Serial port
RS-232C and RS-422 buses
SCSI
Small Computer System Interface
USB, USB-2
Universal Serial Bus

76
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77
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78
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79
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80
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81
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82
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??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??
???????

83
????? ?????
84
????? ?????
85
????? ?????
86
?????? ????? ????
87
?????? ????? ????
88
?????? ????? ????

???? FAT
???? DIR

89
????? ?????
90
????? ?????
91
????? ?????
92
Storage Devices

Primary memory
Expanded storage
Secondary storage
Data and programs must be copied to primary
memory for CPU access
Permanence of data
Direct access storage devices (DASDs)
Online storage
Offline storage loaded when needed

93
Speed

Measured by access time and data transfer rate
Access time average time it takes a computer to
locate data and read it
millisecond one-thousandth of a second
Data transfer rate amount of data that moves per
second

94
Hierarchy of Storage
95
Secondary Storage Devices

Hard drives, floppy drives
CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives
CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW
Tape drives
Network drives
Direct access vs. Sequential access
Rotation vs. Linear

96
Magnetic Disks

Track circle
Cylinder same track on all platters
Block small arc of a track
Sector pie-shaped part of a platter
Head reads data off the disk
Head crash
Parked heads
Number of bits on each track is the same! Denser
towards the center.
CAV constant angular velocity
Spins the same speed for every track
Hard drives 3600 rpm 7200 rpm
Floppy drives 360 rpm

97
A Hard Disk Layout
98
Locating a Block of Data

Average seek time time required to move from one
track to another
Latency time required for disk to rotate to
beginning of correct sector
Transfer time time required to transfer a block
of data to the disk controller buffer

99
Disk Access Times

Avg. Seek time
average time to move from one track to another
Avg. Latency time
average time to rotate to the beginning of the
sector
Avg. Latency time ½ 1/rotational speed
Transfer time
1/( of sectors rotational speed)
Total Time to access a disk block
Avg. seek time avg. latency time avg.
transfer time

100
Magnetic Disks

Data Block Format
Interblock gap
Header
Data
Formatting disk
Disk Interleaving
Disk Arrays
RAID mirrored, striped
Majority logic ? fault-tolerant computers

Disk Interleaving
101
Disk Block Formats
Single Data Block
Header for Windows disk
102
Alternate Disk Technologies

Removable hard drives
Disk pack disk platters are stored in a plastic
case that is removable
Another version includes the disk head and arm
assembly in the case
Fixed-head disk drives
One head per track
Eliminates the seek time
Bernoulli Disk Drives
Hybrid approach that incorporates both floppy and
hard disk technology
Zip drives

103
Optical Storage

Reflected light off a mirrored or pitted surface
CD-ROM
Spiral 3 miles long, containing 15 billion bits!
CLV all blocks are same physical length
Block 2352 bytes
2k of data (2048 bytes)
16 bytes for header (12 start, 4 id)
288 bytes for advanced error control
DVD-ROM
4.7G per layer
Max 2 layers per side, 2 sides 17G

104
Optical Storage

Laser strikes land light reflected into
detector
Laser strikes a pit light scattered

105
Layout CD-ROM vs. Standard Disk
CD-ROM
Hard Disk
106
CD-ROMs
107
Types of Optical Storage

WORM Disks
Write-once-read-many times
Medium can be altered by using a medium-powered
laser to blister the surface
Data stored in concentric tracks, sectored like a
magnetic disk
Medium-powered laser blister technology also used
for
CD-R, DVD-R, DVD-ROM
CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVDRAM

108
Displays

Pixel picture element
Size diagonal length of screen
Resolution (pixels on screen)
VGA 480 x 640
SVGA 600 x 800
768 x 1024
1280 x 1024
Picture size calculation
Resolution bits required to represent number of
colors in picture
Example 16 color image, 100 pixels by 50 pixels
4 bits (16 colors) 100 50 20,000 bits

109
Display Screen

Screen size measured diagonally
Resolution minimum identifiable pixel size

110
Color and Displays

Pixel color is determined by intensity of 3
colors Red Green Blue or RGB
4 bits per color
16 x 16 x 16 4096 colors
24 bit color (True Color)
16.7 million colors
Video memory requirements are significant!

111
Text Monitors

24 lines x 80 chars
A character is the smallest unit on a screen
Very little memory required
Fast for remote transmissions

112
Printers

Dots vs. pixels
300-2400 dpi vs. 70-100 pixels per inch
Dots are on or off, pixels have intensities
Types
Typewriter / obsolete
Dot matrix usually 24 pins, impact printing
Inkjet squirts heated droplets of ink
Laser jet

113
Creating a Gray Scale
114
Laser Printer Operation

Dots of laser light are beamed onto a drum
Drum becomes electrically charged
Drum passes through toner which then sticks to
the electrically charged places
Electrically charged paper is fed toward the drum
Toner is transferred from the drum to the paper
The fusing system heats and melts the toner onto
the paper
A corona wire resets the electrical charge on the
drum

115
Laser Printer Operation
116
Laser Printer Operation
117
Other Computer Peripherals

Scanners
Flatbed, sheet-fed, hand-held
Light is reflected off the sheet of paper
User Input Devices
Keyboard, mouse, light pens, graphics tablets
Communication Devices
Telephone modems
Network devices

118
(No Transcript)
119
???? ????? ???? ???????

??? ?? ???? ????? ?? 0 ?? 1 ?? ?? ??? ??? ??
????.
???? ?? 8 ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??
????.
???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????
?? ???? ?????.
???? ???? ?? 1024 ????(KB)
??? ???? ?? 1024 ???? ???? (MB)
???? ???? ?? 1024 ??? ???? (GB)
??? ???? ?? 1024 ???? ???? (TB)

120
System Software
Programs that maintain operation of computer
Two types are operating systems and utility
programs
p. 398
121
Operating System

A program that controls the execution of
application programs
An interface between applications and hardware

122
Operating System

Management
Memory
Process
i/o
file
Virtual machine

123
Layers of Computer System
124
Services Provided by the Operating System

Program development
Editors and debuggers
Program execution
Access to I/O devices
Protected access to files

125
Services Provided by the Operating System

Error detection and response
internal and external hardware errors
memory error
device failure
software errors
arithmetic overflow
access forbidden memory locations
error recovery

126
(No Transcript)
127
Uniprogramming

Processor must wait for I/O instruction to
complete before preceding

128
Multiprogramming

When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor
can switch to the other job

129
Multiprogramming
130
Time Sharing

Using multiprogramming to handle multiple
interactive jobs
Processors time is shared among multiple users
Multiple users simultaneously access the system
through terminals

131
Main OS Concepts

Processes
Memory Management
Information protection and security
Scheduling and resource management
System structure

132
Processes

A program in execution
An instance of a program running on a computer
The entity that can be assigned to and executed
on a processor
A unit of activity characterized by a single
sequential thread of execution, a current state,
and an associated set of system resources

133
Process

Consists of three components
An executable program
Associated data needed by the program
Execution context of the program
All information the operating system needs to
manage the process

134
Process
135
Memory Management

Process isolation
Automatic allocation and management
Support for modular programming
Protection and access control
Long-term storage

136
Virtual Memory

Allows programmers to address memory from a
logical point of view

137
File System

Implements long-term store
Information stored in named objects called files

138
Paging

Allows process to be comprised of a number of
fixed-size blocks, called pages
Virtual address is a page number and an offset
within the page
Each page may be located any where in main memory
Real address or physical address in main memory

139
(No Transcript)
140
Virtual Memory Addressing
141
Types of Operating Systems
Stand-alone complete operating system working on
PC, laptop, mobile computing device. like DOS,
Windows, Mac OS X, Unix, Linux Network OS
designed specially to support a network, like
netware, windows server 2003,Unix, Linux and
Solaris Embedded OS on most PDA and small
devices Like, windows CE, windows mobile 2003,
Palm OS and Symbian OS

142
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

DOS (Disk Operating System)

Developed in early 1980s for personal computers
Hardly used today because it does not offer GUI
Used command-line interface when first
developed, later included menus

143
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows

144
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Mac OS X

Available only for computers manufactured by
Apple
Macintosh operating system has been model for
most GUIs

145
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

OS/2 Warp Client

IBMs GUI multitasking operating system
Supports networking, Java, the Internet, and
speech recognition

146
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

UNIX

Used by power users because of its flexibility
and power
Most versions offer GUI
Both a stand-alone and a
network operating system

147
Stand-Alone Operating Systems

Linux

Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating
system
Open-source softwareecode is available to
public
Both a stand-alone and a network operating
system

Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red
Hat Linux. The GNOME graphical user interface is
shown in this example.
148
Network Operating Systems

Allows users to share printer, Internet access,
files, and programs on a network
Administers security by establishing
user name and password for each user

OS/2 Warp Server for e-business IBMs network
operating system for businesses
Windows Server 2003 Upgrade to Windows 2000
Server
149
Embedded Operating Systems

Found on most mobile computers, PDAs, and other
small devices
Windows CE is scaled-down version of Windows

150
Embedded Operating Systems

operating systems for PDAs

Pocket PC 2002 for Pocket PC
Newer versioins Windows Mobile 5 6
Palm OS for Palm, Visor, and CLIE
Embeded Linux

151
Embedded Operating Systems

Mobile Operating systems
Windows Mobile Smartphone
A scaled down version of PDAs
Symbian
Open-source, multitasking operating system
designed for smart phones
Make telephone calls, save appointments, browse
Web, send and receive e-mail and faxes, and more

152
Utility Programs