SOUTH ASIA (CHAPTER 8)

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SOUTH ASIA (CHAPTER 8)
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THE REALM

• Five Regions
• India
• Pakistan
• Bangladesh
• Mountainous North
• Southern Islands

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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA

• Well defined physiographically
• The worlds second largest population cluster
• Low income economies
• Population concentrated in villages - subsistence
  agriculture
• Boundary problems - Kashmir
• FEDERAL SYSTEM
• ADOPTED BY INDIA IN 1947
• PROVIDES REGIONS AND PEOPLES WITH SOME AUTONOMY
  AND IDENTITY

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Monsoons
--To know India and her people, one has to know
the monsoon. --To the people of India, the
monsoons are a source of life, but it also causes
destruction. -- Very distinctive seasonal
precipitation regime
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CULTURE

• A culturally fragmented realm
• Religious and linguistic diversity
• Religious Patterns
• Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Hinduism is predominant in India, generally.
• Sikhism thrives in northern India.
• Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka.

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CULTURE HEARTH The Indus River

• Where an early culture emerged and developed
• Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated
  ethnic groups and villages to towns and beyond.
• Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices
  brought to India by the Aryans (6th century BC)
• Buddhism born of discontent made the state
  religion of India in 3rd century BC
• Islam swept through central India from the 8th
  -10th centuries AD

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EARLY CULTURE HEARTHS
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LANGUAGES
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RELIGION
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HINDUISM

• One of the worlds oldest religions
• Diffused south and east down the Ganges River
  (see text for holy site).
• Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native
  religions and customs

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HINDUISM

• Not just a religion an intricate web of
  religious, philosophical, social, economic, and
  artistic elements
• No common creed, no single doctrine
• No direct divine revelation
• No rigid narrow moral code

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MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM

• Three main ideas are important in understanding
  the Hindu religion and the Caste System
• Reincarnation
• Karma
• Dharma

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REINCARNATION

• Every living thing has a soul.
• When a living thing dies, its soul moves into
  another living creature.
• Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

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KARMA

• Every action brings about certain results.
• There is no escaping the consequences of ones
  actions.
• Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn
  into a higher ranking living creature bad
  behavior is punished when the soul is reborn into
  a lower ranking living creature.

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DHARMA

• A set of rules that must be followed by all
  living things if they wish to work their way up
  the ladder of reincarnation.
• Each persons dharma is different.

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THREE BASIC PRACTICES

• Puja or worship (also, Hindus do not eat beef)
• Cremation of the dead
• Regulations of the caste system (note video)

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ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM

• Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.) a.k.a
  Buddha. Born in Nepal.
• Buddhism came from Hinduism (just as Christianity
  came from Judaism).
• Emperor Asoka adopted it as the state religion
  (3rd Century B.C.)
• Adherents object to harsher features of Hinduism
  (e.g. Caste System)
• Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge
• Elimination of worldly desires, determination not
  to hurt or kill people or animals

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FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS OF BUDDHISM

• Sorrow and suffering are part of all life.
• People suffer because they desire things they
  cannot have.
• The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to
  stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not
  wanting.
• To end desire, follow the middle path, i.e.,
  the path that avoids the extremes of too much
  pleasure and desire.

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FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT

• Hinduism was broad and tolerant, accepting many
  of the teachings of Buddha, so many stayed with
  Hinduism
• Also, Buddhists in India were willing to
  compromise with the beliefs and customs of
  Hinduism
• Final blow to Buddhism came in the 8th century,
  with the arrival of Islam, which
• -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries
• -- Burned libraries
• -- Killed monks
• Today there are only 1 million Buddhists in India
  in the region where it started!

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RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS

• ISLAM
• Monotheistic
• No idols
• One sacred book
• Uniform dogma - 5 pillars
• Intolerant (of other religions)
• Eat beef/Sacrifice cows
• Bury Dead
• Social Equality (in theory)
• Theocratic society (state religion encouraged)

• HINDUISM
• Polytheistic
• Many idols
• Various sacred writings
• Varying beliefs
• Absorbed other religions
• Dont eat beef/Venerate cows
• Burn dead (cremation)
• Caste separation
• Having the religion as part of the State is of
  secondary importance

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INDIA
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INDIA

• ENCOMPASSES 3/4s OF SOUTH ASIAS TOTAL AREA
• A FEDERATION OF 28 STATES, AND 1 National Capital
  Territory.
• POPULATION OF 1.124 BILLION PEOPLE the worlds
  largest democracy.
• 28 URBANIZED
• 14 MAJOR AND NUMEROUS MINOR LANGUAGES

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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (INDIA)

• 38 LIVE BELOW THE POVERTY LINE
• A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND
  MODERN AGRICULTURE
• HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY
  CLOTHING INDUSTRY (note video)
• MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES AND NUCLEAR POWER

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E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
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GREEN REVOLUTION

• THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD,
  FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS
  IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960s
• FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES
• INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA
• MIRACLE CROPS
• NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
• INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS

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INDIAS GREAT CITIES

• MUMBAI (BOMBAY) - 18.9 MILLION
• ACHIEVED PRIMACY BASED ON ITS SITUATION. It
  was the nearest Indian Port to Europe.
• KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) - 14.6 MILLION
• 500,000 HOMELESS
• FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL (1772-1912)
• DELHI (NEW AND OLD) - 16.2 MILLION
• BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT

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PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION, 1947)
India
West Pakistan
East Pakistan
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PAKISTAN

• ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
• POPULATION OF 166.9 MILLION
• 80 SUNNI MUSLIMS 16 SHIA MINORITY
• 34 URBANIZED

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KASHMIR (Jammu and Kashmir)

• Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of
  Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947.
  India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the
  territory, and there has been a separatist
  insurgency in the area.
• INDEPENDENCE PARTITION
• FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING EITHER HINDU
  INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN
• HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION
• JANUARY 1949 U.N. CEASE FIRE
• 1980 to 88 Muslim extremists continue
  insurgency

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BANGLADESH

• INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971
• FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN (see previous slides)
• 85 MUSLIM, 12 HINDU
• 147.3 MILLION PEOPLE
• DENSITY 3,914/sq mi
• 2.1 ANNUAL GROWTH RATE
• NATURAL HAZARDS CYCLONES

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THE MOUNTAINOUS NORTH
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THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS

• MALDIVES
• gt1,000 ISLANDS
• lt115 SQ MI / 300 SQ KMS
• POPULATION OF 300,000
• OVERWHELMINGLY MUSLIM
• HIGHEST GNP IN THE REALM
• SRI LANKA
• FORMERLY CEYLON
• INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948

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SRI LANKA

• 20.1 MILLION PEOPLE (70 BUDDHISTS)
• PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
• TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS
• SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION)
• ARYAN
• BUDDHISTS
• SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN)
• NORTH (18 OF THE POPULATION)
• DRAVIDIAN
• HINDU
• TAMIL LANGUAGE

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SRI LANKA

• SINHALESE vs. TAMILS
• TAMILS DEMAND EQUAL RIGHTS
• -- EDUCATION
• -- EMPLOYMENT
• -- LAND OWNERSHIP
• -- LANGUAGE AND POLITICS
• LTTE LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM

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E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
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E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA