Connective Tissue The Big Connection!

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Connective TissueThe Big Connection!

• Chapter 4
• Anatomy and Physiology
• Mr. Knowles
• Liberty Senior High School

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All C.T. have Three Parts

• 1. Specialized Cells
• 2. Extracellular Protein Fibers
• 3. The Fibers above and a ground substance -
  make up the Matrix that surrounds cells. (most of
  the volume of C.T.)

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Differences Between C.T. and other Tissues
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In general, C. T. ...

• Found throughout the body
• Never exposed to outside environment
• Many C.T.s are highly vascular and/or have
  sensory receptors.

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Functions of C.T.

• Structural framework for body.
• Transportation of fluids and materials.
• Protection of delicate organs.

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Functions of C.T.

• Supporting and interconnecting other tissue
  types.
• Store energy reserves (lipids).
• Defending the body from pathogens.

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1. The Cells

• Fibroblasts- most abundant, present in every C.T.
  Proper they secrete polysaccharide and
  proteins--gtground substance (very viscous) also
  secrete extracellular fibers.
• Macrophages- part of immune system that engulfs
  pathogens and damaged cells.

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Show me a macrophage!
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1. The Cells

• Adipocytes- fat cells store lipids in a huge
  droplet number may vary from C.T. type.
• Mesenchymal Cells- stem cells that can
  differentiate into fibroblasts and macrophages.

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1. The Cells

• Melanocytes- synthesize and store melanin
  (pigment).
• Mast Cells- small mobile cells of immune system
  make histamine and heparin.
• Lymphocytes- migrating immune cells that produce
  antibodies.

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2. The Fibers

• Collagen Fibers- long, straight, unbranched,
  fibers of fibrous proteins rope-like, very
  flexible, yet strong. (Tendons and Ligaments)

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Collagen Fibers
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2. The Fibers

• Reticular Fibers- same protein subunits as
  collagen branched network of fibers, thinner
  than collagen form an interwoven network resist
  forces from multiple directions stabilize
  organs.

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2. The Fibers

• Elastic Fibers- contain the protein elastin as a
  subunit branched, thin and wavy fibers after
  they stretch they return to original length
  (elastic ligaments in vertebrae).

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What would happen if a persons elastic fibers
were not properly formed?
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Williams Syndrome- Abnormal Elastic Fibers
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The Mind Traveler Dont Be Shy Mr. Sacks

• Williams Syndrome

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3. Ground Substance

• Fills the space between cells and fibers.
• In C.T. Proper, it is clear and viscous very
  thick due to proteoglycans and glycoproteins.(mapl
  e syrup)

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3. Ground Substance

• Density slows the spread of pathogens.
• Ex. Of Deficiency Marfans Syndrome (fibrillin
  glycoprotein)

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Marfan Syndrome- Dominant Mutation

• Marfans Syndrome- mutation in the fibrillin gene
  (glycoprotein in connective tissue).

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A Marfans Sufferer ?
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Medical Mysteries Giants

• Marfans Syndrome

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I. C.T. Proper- A. Loose C. T.

• Areolar- packing material of the body.
• Fills spaces between organs, provides cushioning,
  and supports epithelia.
• Open framework with much ground substance to
  cushion shock.

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A. Loose C. T.

• Loosely organized fibers- allow distortions.
• Elastic fibers- allow resilience
• Has extensive circulatory system. (site of
  injections, epithelia)

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Areolar Tissue
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1. Adipose Tissue

• Most of volume is adipocytes.
• Provide padding, cushions shock, act as
  insulator, energy storage.
• Under skin of buttocks, sides, and breasts, fills
  bony sockets behind eyes.
• Ex. Brown Fat in Infants.

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A Bunch of Brown Fat
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Adipose Tissue, Low Magnification
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Adipose Tissue, High Magnification
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Does the Cell Make Me Look Fat?
Stored Fat
Nucleus
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1. Adipose Tissue

• Do adipocytes continually divide in adults?
• How do we acquire more fat tissue?
• Is liposuction a permanent solution?
• Answers on p. 124, Martini, 4th Edition

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Show me some adipose tissue!

• Discovery Body Story Series- Baby (Brown Fat in
  an Infant)
• Oprah Video - Adipose from an Autopsy

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2. Reticular Tissue

• Composed of reticular fibers.
• Create a complex, 3-D network (stroma) that
  supports the cells of an organ.
• In which direction is this C.T. strongest?

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Reticular Tissue
Reticular Fibers
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B. Dense C. T.

• Most of the volume is fibers- collagen.
• Two Types
• Dense Regular C. T.
• Dense Irregular C. T.

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1. Dense Regular C. T.

• Collagen fibers are parallel (aligned with the
  forces applied to tissue).

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1. Dense Regular C. T.

• a.) Tendons-cords that attach bone to skeletal
  muscle.
• b.) Ligaments- connect bone to bone.
• c.) Elastic Tissue-mostly elastic fibers
  (resilient) around blood vessels and elastic
  ligaments.

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Dense Regular Tissue
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Dense Regular Tissue
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2. Dense Irregular C. T.

• Form interwoven meshwork. (Function?)
• Strength and support.
• Skin its strength (cured leather).
• Capsule around organs-protection.

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Dense Regular - Elastic Tissue
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II. Fluid Connective Tissue

• A. Blood- specialized cells in fluid matrix has
  soluble fibers normally!
• 1. Cells-
• a. Leukocytes (WBCs) like neutrophils,
  eosinophils, lymphocytes-immune cells.

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Neutrophil and Eosinophil
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Leukemia
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Blood

• b. Erythrocytes (RBCs)- transport O2/CO2
  most common cell.
• c. Platelets- contain enzymes and other
  proteins for clotting.

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Erythrocyte
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Blood

• 2. Ground Substance- called plasma, mostly water
  and dissolved solutes and large proteins.
• 3. Extracellular Fibers- normally not present
  until needed to form blood clots.

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Blood Clot
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B. Lymph

• Lymph- interstitial fluid that enters the
  cardiovascular system.
• 1. Cells- lymphocytes.
• 2. Ground substance- water without large
  proteins.
• 3. Fibers- very little present.

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III . Supporting Connective Tissue

• A. Cartilage-
• 1. Cells- chondrocytes-only cells of matrix
  live in pockets called lacunae.
• 2. Ground Substance- thick gel of proteoglycans
  secreted by chondrocytes.
• 3. Fibers- are a proteoglycan collagen or
  elastic fibers.

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Characteristics of Cartilage

• Cartilage is avascular-chondrocytes secrete
  antiangiogenesis factor (cancer treatment drug).
• Cartilage is slow to heal. Why?
• Cartilage is surrounded by a perichondrium which
  is a C.T. Proper.

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Types of Cartilage

• 1. Hyaline- most common loosely packed collagen
  fibers flexible but tough. Function reduce
  friction between bony surfaces covers bony
  surfaces.
• Ex. Ribs/sternum, articular cartilages.

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Hyaline Cartilage- Low Mag.
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Hyaline Cartilage- High Mag.
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Types of Cartilage

• 2. Elastic- mostly elastic fibers resilient and
  flexible. Function provide support but resist
  distortion without damage.
• Ex. Tip of nose, pinna of ear, epiglottis.

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Elastic Cartilage- Low Mag.
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Elastic Cartilage- High Mag.
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Types of Cartilage

• 3. Fibrocartilage- little ground substance
  matrix mostly collagen fibers. Fibers are
  interwoven making it tough and durable.
  Function resist compression and absorb shock
  between bone-to-bone contacts.
• Ex. Pads within knee joint, intervertebral discs.

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Fibrocartilage- Low Mag.
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Fibrocartilage- High Mag.
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Examples of Stem Cell Research and Growing
Cartilage and Bone

• Scientific American November 1991 issue.
• Movie Science Times
• Scientific Frontiers Never Say Die

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Bone (Osseous Tissue)

• G.S. collagen fibers calcium salts (CaPO4 and
  some CaCO3)
• Strong and flexible properties.
• Lacunae in matrix contain osteocytes.

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Bone (Osseous Tissue)

• Lacunae organized around a central canal
  (Haversian canal) which contains blood vessels.
• Diffusion cannot occur through calcium salts.
• Cytoplasm of osteocytes extend to central canal
  by canaliculi.

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A Basic Pattern in Bone Tissue

• Lacunae with osteocytes arranged around and
  connected to a central canal by radiating
  canaliculi- Osteon
• Many osteons in one bone.

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Bone (Osseous Tissue)

• G.S. collagen fibers calcium salts (CaPO4 and
  some CaCO3)
• Strong and flexible properties.
• Lacunae in matrix contain osteocytes.

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Rickets
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Rickets X-ray
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Bone (Osseous Tissue)

• Bone surfaces covered by periosteum- fibrous
  layer of C.T. attachment for tendons and
  ligaments.
• Site of appositional growth of bone.
• Bone is constantly remodeled- grow thicker with
  stresses.

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Osteon
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Bone-Low Mag.
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Bone-High Mag.
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Bone
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Can we ever grow tissue? What kinds of tissue
can regenerate?

• Scientific American special issue, October 1999
• Science Times Tissue Regeneration video