Histology

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Histology
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What is Histology?

• Histology is the study the structure and function
  of normal mammalian cells and tissues using
  various types of microscopes.

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What is ..?

• A cell?
• Luckily, most of you can answer this
• Functional unit of all living organisms
• A tissue?
• A group of cells and surrounding material
• Includes fibers, liquid or gelatinous material
• Provides support

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How can we see tissues?

• Tissues make up all the organs in the body,
  including skin, but to see the details of the
  cells and fibers we need to do a few things.

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Making a microscope slide

• Cut a sample from an organism
• Fix it with special chemicals
• Permeate it with wax
• Slice the wax into thin sections
• Stain the sample with colorful stains
• Place on the microscope and view

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Epithelia

• Covers and lines cavities of the body
• Thin cells are good for gas and nutrient exchange
• Thicker cells are good at absorbing and secreting

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Epithelia, continued

• All cells connect together to form a sheet if
  they are a covering or lining epithelia
• All glands that secrete hormones and other major
  proteins for the body are also made of epithelia

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Connective Tissue

• 3 elements
• Cells
• Fibers
• Ground substance
• In varying proportions
• Most diverse tissue type

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Where it all begins

• Mesenchyme
• From the mesoderm
• Found in the umbilical cord after delivery
• Source of connective tissue stem cells.

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Connective Tissue includes

• Blood
• The dermis
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Bone
• Space fillers in organs
• Fat

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Muscle

• Three types

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Overview of Muscle Cell Types
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Neuromuscular Junction

• Where axons of neurons meet skeletal muscle
• This connection is blocked by BOTOX

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Nervous Tissue

• Spinal cord
• Brain
• Peripheral Nervous Tissue

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Cells of the nervous sytem

• Neurons

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Neurons have various appearances
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Support cells of the nervous sytem

• Glial cells
• in the spinal cord and brain
• Primarily in the white matter
• Schwann cells
• Elsewhere in the body
• Myelination
• A special form of insulation

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Poliomyelitis

• Virus
• Attacks anterior horn cells of spinal cord
• lower motor neurons
• Paralysis of associated skeletal muscle
• Microglia
• engulf virus
• destroyed cells,
• dark staining areas