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Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers

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Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers 24.00: Explain the role of nutrients in quality plant growth Macro vs Micro Nutrients Macro nutrients are required by the plant in ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers


1
Soil Nutrients and Fertilizers
  • 24.00 Explain the role of nutrients in quality
    plant growth

2
Macro vs Micro Nutrients
  • Macro nutrients are required by the plant in
    relatively large amounts
  • Micro nutrients are required only in small
    amounts
  • minor or trace elements

3
Macro nutrients
  • Non-mineral elements
  • carbon (C)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • oxygen (O)
  • Primary Nutrients
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Secondary Nutrients
  • calcium (Ca)
  • magnesium (Mg)
  • sulfur (S)

4
Micro nutrients
  • Iron (Fe)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Zinc (Zn)
  • Boron (B)
  • Molybdenum (Mo)
  • Manganese (Mn)
  • Chlorine (Cl)

5
Functions of Nitrogen
  • Promotes growth of leaves and stems
  • Gives dark green color and improves quality of
    foliage
  • Necessary to develop cell proteins and chlorophyll

N
6
Nitrogen
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • sick, yellow-green color
  • short stems, small leaves, pale colored leaves
    and flowers
  • slow and dwarfed plant growth

7
Nitrogen deficiency
8
Functions of Phosphorus
  • Stimulates early formation and growth of roots
  • Provides for fast and vigorous growth and speeds
    maturity
  • Stimulates flowering and seed development
  • Necessary for the enzyme action of many plant
    processes

9
Phosphorus
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • decrease in growth
  • slow maturity
  • older leaves are purplish color

P
10
Phosphorus Deficiency
11
Functions of Potassium
  • Used to form carbohydrates and proteins
  • Formation and transfer of starches, sugars and
    oils
  • Increases disease resistance, vigor and hardiness

K
12
Potassium
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • mottled, spotted, streaked or curled leaves
  • scorched, burned, dead leaf tips and margins

13
Potassium Deficiency
14
Functions of Calcium
  • Improves plant vigor
  • Influences intake and synthesis of other plant
    nutrients
  • Important part of cell walls

Ca
15
Calcium
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • small developing leaves
  • wrinkled older leaves
  • dead stem tips

16
Calcium Deficiency
17
Functions of Magnesium
  • Influences the intake of other essential
    nutrients
  • Helps make fats
  • Assists in translocation of phosphorus and fats

Mg
18
Magnesium
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • Interveinal chlorosis-yellowing of leaves between
    green veins
  • leaf tips curl or cup upward
  • slender, weak stalks

19
Magnesium Deficiency
20
Functions of Sulfur
  • Promotes root growth and vigorous vegetative
    growth
  • Essential to protein formation

S
21
Sulfur
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • young leaves are light green with lighter color
    veins
  • yellow leaves and stunted growth

22
Sulfur Deficiency
23
Iron
  • Functions of Iron
  • Essential for chlorophyll production
  • Helps carry electrons to mix oxygen with other
    elements
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • mottled and interveinal chlorosis in young leaves
  • stunted growth and slender, short stems

24
Iron Deficiency
Fe
25
Copper
  • Functions
  • Helps in the use of Iron
  • Helps respiration
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • young leaves are small and permanently wilt
  • multiple buds at stem tip

26
Copper Deficiency
Cu
27
Zinc
  • Functions
  • plant metabolism
  • helps form growth hormones
  • reproduction
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • retarded growth between nodes (rosetted)
  • new leaves are thick and small
  • spotted between veins, discolored veins

28
Zinc Deficiency
Zn
29
Boron
  • Functions
  • affects water absorption by roots
  • translocation of sugars
  • Deficiency Symptoms
  • short, thick stem tips
  • young leaves of terminal buds are light green at
    base
  • leaves become twisted and die

30
Boron Deficiency
B
31
Manganese
  • Functions
  • plant metabolism
  • nitrogen transformation
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • interveinal chlorosis
  • young leaves die

32
Manganese Deficiency
Mn
33
Molybdenum
  • Functions
  • plant development
  • reproduction
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • stunted growth
  • yellow leaves, upward curling leaves, leaf
    margins burn

34
Molybdenum Deficiency
Mo
35
Chlorine
  • Functions
  • essential to some plant processes
  • acts in enzyme systems
  • Deficiency symptoms
  • usually more problems with too much chlorine or
    toxicity than with deficiency

36
Chlorine Deficiency
Cl
37
Fertilizers
38
Types of Fertilizers
  • Complete
  • Incomplete
  • Organic
  • Inorganic
  • Soluble
  • Insoluble

39
Complete vs. Incomplete
  • Complete has all three primary nutrients-nitrogen
    phosphorous potassium
  • Examples 10-10-10, 15-30-15, 20-5-20
  • Incomplete DOES NOT have all three primary
    nutrients
  • Examples 20-0-0, 0-20-0, 12-0-44

40
Organic Fertilizers
  • Comes from plant or animal matter and contains
    carbon compounds
  • Examples urea, sludge and animal tankage

41
Advantages of Organic
  • Slow release of nutrients
  • Not easily leached from the soil
  • Add organic components to growing media

42
Disadvantages of Organic
  • Hard to get
  • Not sterile
  • Low nutrient content
  • Expensive

43
Inorganic Fertilizers
  • Comes from sources other than animals or plants
  • Chemical products

44
Advantages of Inorganic
  • Can make the desired ratio of nutrients
  • easy to get
  • lower cost

45
Disadvantages of Inorganic
  • No organic material
  • possible chemical building up in growing media

46
Soluble Fertilizer
  • Dissolve in water and are applied as a liquid
    solution
  • Fertigation
  • fertilizing through irrigation water
  • big advantage

47
Insoluble Fertilizer
  • Includes granular and slow release applied to the
    growing media

48
Granular vs. Slow Release
  • Granular
  • relatively inexpensive
  • easy to find
  • Slow Release
  • more expensive because it is coated
  • more uniform release of nutrients over time period

49
Fertilizer Analysis
  • Fertilizer analysis expresses weight as a percent
    of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

20-10-20
N
P
K
50
Fertilizer Analysis
  • For Example
  • A 100 pound bag of fertilizer has an analysis of
    15-5-15. How many pounds of nitrogen, phosphorus
    and potassium are in the bag?
  • Nitrogen 100lbs X 1515lbs
  • Phosphorus 100lbs X 55lbs
  • Potassium 100lbs X 1515lbs

51
Fertilizer Ratios
  • A fertilizer with a 10-10-10 analysis would have
    a 111 ratio
  • A fertilizer with a 24-8-16 analysis would have a
    312 ratio
  • What would be the ratio for a fertilizer with an
    analysis of 36-18-27?

423
52
Application Procedures
  • Banding
  • Sidedressing
  • Topdressing
  • Perforating
  • Broadcasting
  • Foliar spraying
  • Fertigation

53
Banding
  • Placing a band of fertilizer about two inches to
    the sides and about two inches below seed depth.
  • DO NOT place below the seeds because fertilizer
    will burn the roots.

54
Sidedressing
  • Placing a band of fertilizer near the soil
    surface and to the sides after seedlings emerge
    from the soil.

55
Topdressing
  • Mixing fertilizer uniformly into the top one to
    two inches of growing media around the plant.

56
Perforating
  • Placing fertilizer in 12-18 holes drilled 18
    to 24 around the canopy drip line of fruit
    trees. Cover the holes and fertilizer slowly
    dissolves.

57
Broadcasting
  • Spreading fertilizer to cover the entire
    production area

58
Foliar Spraying
  • Spraying micronutrients in a solution directly on
    plant leaves.
  • Quickly corrects nutrient deficiencies
  • Fertilizer concentration should not be too high
    or leaf burning will occur.

59
Fertigation
  • Incorporating water-soluble fertilizer into the
    irrigation system of greenhouse and nursery
    crops.
  • Concentrated solutions usually pass through
    proportioners or injectors to dilute to the
    correct ratio.
  • Venturi-type
  • Positive-displacement

60
Venturi-type
  • Simple and inexpensive
  • less accurate
  • depends on water pressure in the hose and in the
    smaller tube to proportion
  • Example Hozon

61
Positive-displacement
  • More expensive
  • very accurate
  • physically inject and mix specific amounts of
    concentrated solution and water
  • Examples commander proportioners, and Smith
    injectors

62
Rules for applying fertilizers
  • Method used should be practical, effective and
    cost efficient
  • Method used affects nutrient availability for
    plant use
  • Fertilizer must be dissolved and reach plant roots
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