Title: degree D.E.G. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 360 ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 60 ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? 60 ?????.
1??????? ??????????.?.???? ??? ?????? ?????
2- ????? ???? ???????
- ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????
??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???
???????? ???????? (???) ?? ???? ??????? ???
??????? "??????? ???????" - ??????? ???????
- degree D.E.G. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???
360 ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 60 ????? ??? ?????
???? ??? 60 ?????. - ??????? ??????
- G.R.A. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 400 ????
??? ???? ???? ??? 100 ????? ??? ????? ???? ???
100 ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????
???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. - ????? ??????? ???????
- ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??
????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???
??????? ???? ??? ???????. - ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? 2? ??
?? 2?
3- ????
- ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? 1
2500 ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????
????? ????? 1 5000 ????? 4.8 ??2 ??? ????
????????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
???????? ??????. - ??????????
- ????? ?????? ??? ??????? 4.8 ( 5000/100)2
12000 ?2 - ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? 12000
4200.83 2.85658 ???? -
? ? ? -
13.4 20 2 - ????? ?????? ??? ????? 1 2500 12000
(100/2500)2
19.2??2 - ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? 1 2500 ????????
?????? - ??????? ??? ?????1 2500 ??????? ??? ????? 1
5000 (5000/2500)2
4??????? ????
- ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???
????????? ?????? ???????? (????????? ??????
?????) ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????
???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? (?????)
?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??
?????? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????
???? ???? (Terrestrial Photogrammetry) ?? ????
???? ???? ?? (Aerial Photogrammetry) ??? ?? ???
(1). ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????
????? ??? ????? ????? 23?? 23x??? ??? ????? ?????
?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? (Aerial Camera)
??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????. ???
?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????
?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????
????? ????? ???????(analytical or digital
plotters)? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????
????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????
????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????.
5- ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????
?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? (Analog Systems) ? ?????
??? ??? ?????? ??????? Analytical Systems))?
?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? (Digital Systems) .
??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???
????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
????? (image orientation)? ??? ?????? ???? ??
????????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
6??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????
?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???
???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????
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??? ???? ?????. ???????? ????????? ????? ???
????? ?????? ??-
7- ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????
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???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
8??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
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9- -??????? ?????????? ?? ???
- ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
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????????? .
10(No Transcript)
11- ??????? ????????
- ? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?????
- ?- ??? ????????? ?? ?????
12????? ?????
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13??? ????? ?????? ???????
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???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????
14- ????? ?? ???????
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15??????? ??????? ????????
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19??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????????
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20- ???????? ?????? ??? ??????
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21??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????
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22????? ?????? ???????
- ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
- ????? ????? ?/(?-??)????? ??????/(??????
???????-????? ??????) - ????? ?????? ???????
- ? ????? ?/(?-?? ?????)
23Example
- ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??? ??12000??? ? ??????? ??????? ??
?????1500??? ? ??? ????? ??21000??? ???? ????
????? ? ???? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???
?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? 10000??? ? ?????
?????? ???????? 6????. - ????????
- ???? ????? ?1?/(?-??1)
- 6????/(10000-2000)
- 6????/8000???1????/1333???
- 1/16000116000
24????? ???? ???????? (??????????)
????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???
???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? (?? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???????
??????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?
???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
). ? ?1 ? ? ?1 ?/??1/ ?? ?1 ?? ?/? ?
?/?-?? ? / ?? ????/?-?? ?????/? ?? ? ?1
??/(?-??) ? ??????? ???????
25- ????? ?? ??????? (?) ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?
?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?
??????? ? ?????. - ????
- ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????
???? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ( 15.70 ? 17.60
) ? ( 15.32 ? 17.27 ) ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????
?? 2000? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
?? 30?. - ????
- ?((17.6)2(15.7)2)0.523.58??
- ?1((17.27)2(15.32)2)0.523.86??
- ?23.585-23.0860.499??
- ????/?23.585??/19700.499??
- ? ??41.68?
26???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????
- ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????
?????? - ?? ? ((?-??)/?)
- ?? ? ((?-??)/?)
- ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
- ((D?)2(D?)2)0.50
27????
- ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?? 50.00? ? ????? ???? ?
?? 25.00? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????
???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??
(26.78?14.27)?? ? (15.24?26.27)?? ? ???? ??????
?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 100.00?? ? ?????
??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? 1500.00?. - ????
28?????? ??????? (??? ??? ?????? ???????)
- ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??
??????? ???????? ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? - ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
????????. - ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????.
- ????? ??????? ??????
- 1-???? ??????? ?????? ?????? (????????????
??????)pocket stereo scope - ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 6??
- 2- ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????? Mirror stereo
scope - ??? 2323??
- ?????????? Parallax
- ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????
??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????
????? ????? - ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????
29? ?(?1- ?2) Pa(P1-P2)a
???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
30(No Transcript)
31- ??????? ???? ????????
- ? ??-(?.?/? ?)
- ? ? ?(? ?/? ?)
- ? ? ? (? ?/? ?)
32????
- ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
????? 4045??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????
15.4?? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 1280???
? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
?????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?1 ? ?2
?????? 13.04?12.57 ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?????
??????? ?1 ?????? ?????? ????? 93.73?? ? ??????
?????? ?2 ????? 93.30?? ? ???? ?????? ????
?????????? ?????? ? ? ? ??? 10.96 ? 10.27 ?? ?
???? ???????? ????? ?1 ? ?1 ?? ?????? ??????
????? ? ? 53.41?? ? ? ? 50.84?? ? ? ?88.92??
? ? ?-46.69?? ????? ?????? ????? ? ? ? ? ???????
??????? ? ? ?. - ????
- ?1?2-??1 ? ?2?1-??2??(?1?2)/2
- ? ???? ? ? ????
- ? ??-?.?/? ? ? ? ??-?.?/? ?
- ? ??(? ?/? ?) ? ? ??(? ? /? ?)
33(No Transcript)
34????
- ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????
?????? 152.4?? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
2125??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? 927??? ??? ???
????? ? ??? ???????????? ?????? ? ?? 89.40?? ???
?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? - ????
- ? ? ? ? ? \ ? ?
- ????
- ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????
?????? 152.4?? ? ?????? ??????? 5320??? ??? ?????
????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? 865??? ??? ???
????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ?? 86.27??
????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. - ????
- ?(?-? ?) ?/?
35- ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????
?????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????
??????? - ??v(? ?-? ?)2 (? ?-? ?)2
36???????
37????? ???????
- ????? ?? ????? ???????
- ??? ????? ???????
- ????? ????????
- ????? ???? ???????
- ????? ???? ???????????
38??????? ??????????
- ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????
- ?????? ?????? ? ???????
39????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??????
- ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????
?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??? ???? ????? - h S2/2R
- h?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
?????? - R??? ???????? ??????? ?????
- S ??????? ??????? ?????
40- ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??
????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????. - ???? ??? ????? ???????? k ??? ?????? ?? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ?????? 2k ? ??????? ??? ??????
????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????- - h (S2/2R)(1-2k)
- k0.07 at ordinary cases but equal to 0.08 at see
level - R6370km
- h (m) 0.0675 S2 (km)? S214.81 h
- h in meter and S in km
41Example
- Two stations A, B with heights 121.14m, 134.28m
and a distance of 96km apart. Check the
indivisibility in-between. - Solution
- S12 14.81 x 121.14 ? S1 42.36 km
- S2 96 42.36 53.64 km
- hB 0.0675 x 53.642 194.23 km
- HB 194.23 134.28 59.96 m
42- S22 14.81 x 134.28 ? S1 44.59 km
- S1 96 44.59 51.41 km
- hA 0.0675 x 51.412 178.37 km
- HA 178.37 121.14 57.23 m
- From calculations the distance to see the two
tours equals to 44.59 42.36 86.95 km while
the actual distance between the two tours equal
to 96 km so, the difference equal to - 96 86.95 9.05 km
- So, we will construct tour at the mid distance
between the two tours with height equal to 0.0675
x 9.052 1.4 m
43?????? ?????? ? ???????