??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? Micro Propagation and Tissue culture

1
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????Micro Propagation
and Tissue culture

• ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
  ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?
  ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????????
  ??????????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?
  ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????
  ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? .
• ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? (??????? ??????)
  ????? ????? ??????? ????
• ???? ????? ?????? ???
• ????? ????? ????? .
• ????? ?????? ???????? .
• ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????
  ??????? ???????? .

2
????? ????? ?????? ????????
3

• ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
• ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
  ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????.
• ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???
  ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
  ????????.
• ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????
  ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????
  ????????.
• ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??
  ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??
  ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
  -196o ? .
• ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??
  ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????.
• ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????
  ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????
  ????????.
• ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??
  ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???
  ????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
  ??????? ???????.
• ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
  ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.
• ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????
  ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?????????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ????.
• ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????
  ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??
  ?????????.
• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????
  ????? ??????????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???
  ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????.
• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????
  ??????
• ????? ??? ??????? (??????? ??????? ????? ??????).
• ????? ????????.

4
????? ???? ????? ???????Organization of a Tissue
Culture Laboratory

• ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? (?????) ??????
  ???? ??????? ???? ???
• ???? ???? ????????? ????????.
• ???? ????? ?????? ???????.
• ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.
• ???? ????? ????? ???????.
• ???? ????????? ?????? ????????.

5
???? ????? ??????? ????????
6
???? ????? ??????? A media preparation area

??? ?????? ??????
??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????
??????? ?? ??????????
7
???? ??????? An aseptic transfer or
manipulation area
???? ????? ??????? ????????
????? ???????
?????? ??????? (hood)
8
???? ??????? Incubator or culture room
???? ???????
9
????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? Media
  ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
  ??????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????
  ??????? ??????.
• ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??
  ???? ???? ??????? pH ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????.
• ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???
  ??????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ????
  ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????.
• ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????
  ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? 130o
  ???? 15 20 ????? ?? ??????.
• ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????
  ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?????
  ?????? (Explants) ???????? ? ????????? ???? ????.
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (???? ??? ?????)?
  ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?
  ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? (Shoots or
  roots) ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?
  ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????
  ?????? ?????.

10
????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????Plant
Propagation Through Tissue Culture Techniques

• ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? .
• ????? ????? ???????.
• ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????.

11

• ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????
• Selection and preparation of stock plants
• ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? (True to type)? ?
  ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
  ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ??
  ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????
  ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????
  ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????
  ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????
  ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????
  ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?
  ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??
  ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????
  ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????
  ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ??
  ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????
  ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? (Finger
  print) ? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????
  ???????? ??????? ?? ??????.

12

• ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
• Establishment of an aseptic culture
  
• ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????
  ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???
  ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????
  ??? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?
  ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????
  (Surface contaminants) ???????? ??? ????? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
  ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???
  ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???
  ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.
• ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
  ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
  ?????? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????
  ??? ?? ?????? ????? (Pathogens free) ? ???????
  ??????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??
  ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ????? ??? ???????
  ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????
  ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????
  ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?
  ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????
  ?????? ????? ? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ???????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????
  ???????? ????? (10 50) ??????? ???? ?? 10 30
  ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
  ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????
  ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ???????
  ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????
  ????? (Browning) ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????
  ???? ???????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
  ??????? ??????? (Anti oxidants) ??? ??????? ????
  ?????? ???????.

13

• ????? ????? ???????
• Multiplication of the tissue
  
• ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????
  (Propagules) ? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
  ???????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? (Subculturing) ???
  ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? (Shoots) ?? ?????? ????? (Plantlets) ??????
  ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??
  ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? (Clone) ???????
  ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (Clona Propagation)
  ?? ????? ??????? ??????? (Clonal multiplication)

14

• ????? ?????? ???????
• Somatic Embryogenesis
• ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????
  ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???
  ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
  ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??
  ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
  ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
  ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? 500 ???? ???? ??? ????
  ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
  ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ?? ????? ??????? (Callus cultures) ??????? ??
  ????? ??????? ??????? (Cell suspension cultures)?
  ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???
  ?????? ???????.

???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????
??????
15

• ????? ??????? ???????
• Enhancement of axillary buds
• ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????
  ??????? (Axillary buds) ???????? ???????
  (Terminal buds) ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????
  ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????
  ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??
  ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????
  ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
  ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????

??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
16

• ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
• Adventitious shoot development
• ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???
  ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????

????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????
17

• ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
• In vitro rooting and conditioning
  
• ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
  ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???
  ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??
  ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????
  ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??
  ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???????
  ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? 2-4 ?????? ???? ????
  ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???
  ??????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????
  ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????
  ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????
  ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
  (NAA) ?????? ??? ????????? (IBA) ????????? ??????
  ??? 0.05 3.0 ????????/???? ??? ??????? ??
  ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????
  ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????
  ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
  ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????
  ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???
  ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????
  ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????
  ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??
  ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??
  ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????
  ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????
  ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

18
????? ?????? ???? ??????
19

• ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
• In vitro rooting and acclimatization
  
• ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????
  ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????
  ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (Transplants)
  ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??
  ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????
  ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ???????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? (In vivo)? ?
  ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????
  ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??
  ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??
  ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??
  ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ???????? (Transplanting) ?? ????? ??????
  ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? (Soil
  mixture) ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????
  ??????? (Rooting mixture) ???? ??????? ???? ???
  ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??
  ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???
  ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????
  ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????
  ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ????
  ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??
  ???? ????? ????????.

20
????? ???????? ???? ??????
21

• ????? ???????
• ????? ??????? ???????? (??????? ??????? ??
  ??????? ?????????)
• ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??
  ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
  ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
  ??? ?????? ?????.

??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????
???? ??????? ??????
22

• ????? ?????
• Callus Cultures
• ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??
  ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ??? ????? ????.

??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????
23

• ?????? Roots
• ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????
  ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ??? 1934 ????
  White ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????
  ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
24

• ???????
• Leaves
• ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???
  ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ?? ??????? ???????.

????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
25
????? ????? ??????
Anthers and Pollens



????? ????? ???? ??????

26

• ????? ????? ?????? ????????
• ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????
  ????? ?????.
• ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 24 ???? ??? ?????
  ???????.
• ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
  ?????.
• ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????
  ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????20
  ??.
• ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? 20o? ? 8
  ????? ?????? ????? ???? 2-4 ????.
• ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
  ???? (?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????).
• ??? 14 ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????
  ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.
• ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???
  ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
• ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??
  ???? ???????? ??? ?????.

27
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????
???????
28
????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????
29

• ??? ??? ????????????
• ??? ????? ?? ??? 1960 ???? ????? ?????? ??
  ??? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ???????. ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????
  ????????? ????????????? ?????????.
• ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????
  ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????
  ??? ???? ???????.

30
??? ????? ???? ???????
??? ????? ???? ???????
??????? ???????
??????? ????????
?
?
?
?

• ? - ??????? ????? ?????? (???????) .
• ?- ??????? ??????? .
• ??- ??????? ??????? .
• ? - Stirred cultures .

31
Bathe cultures ??????? ???????

• ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???
  ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????
  ??????? .
• ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??
  ?????? .
• ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ????????
• ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????
  ????? ?? ??????

32
??? ??????? ???????

• ??????? ????? ???????
• ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 250 ???
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????
• ?????? ???????
• ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????
• ??????? ???????
• ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 10 ???
  (???? ??? 4.5 ??? ?? ??????) ????? ?? ???? ???
  ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? 45o? ???? ???? ???
  ?????? ??? ??????? .
• Stirred cultures
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???
  ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????

33
??? ??????? ????????

• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????
• ??? ????? ??? ???????
• ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? .
• ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????
  ????? ?????????? ?????????.
• ???? ??????? ??????? .
• ???? ???? ????? ????? pH ?????? ?? ????? ???????
  ??????????? .

34
??? ??????? ??????? The growth of single cells

• ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
  
• ?A- The paper raft nurse technique
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  ?????? ???? ????? .
• ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  (?????? ???????) ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????
  ???????? .
• ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????
  ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????
  ??????? ????? ????? .
• ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????
  ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? .

35
??? ??????? ??????? The growth of single cells

• B- The petri dish plating technique
• ???????
• ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??
  ??????? .
• ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
  ??????? 35o? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ??????? .
• ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? .
• ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? 1 ?? .
• ??? 21 ??? ???? ???? 25 o? (?? ????? ??????)
  ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? .
• ??? ?? ??????? ??? 21 ??? ??? ???? 25 o? ???? ??
  ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????
• ??? ??????????
  ?? ?????
• Planting efficiency
  ------------------------------
  
• ??? ?????
  ??????? ?? ?????
• C- Growth of cells in micro-chambers

36
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ??????? ?????? Micro propagation
• ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ??????-
• ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????
  ???????? ?? ????? ??????
• ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????
  ?? ????? ???????.
• ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ??????? .
• ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???
  ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? .

37
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????
• ????? ??????? ??????? (????? ?????).
• ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????Organogensis .
• ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? Somatic
  embryogenesis .
• ?????? ? ???? ?? ?????
• ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????
  ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??
  ???? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? .
• ??????? ?????? Organogensis ? ??????? ??????
  Embryogenesis ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?
  ??????
• ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ?????
  ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????
  ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? .

38
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ????? ???? ??? ???????(????? ????????) ?? ????
  ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
• ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? Establishment .
• ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? .
• ??????? ? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????? .
• ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ??????? ???
• ????????? ?????????
• ?????????? ?????
• ??????? ?????
• ????????? ??????
• ?????????. ??????

39
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ?????? ?????????
• ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????
  ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???
  ??????? .
• ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????
  ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
  ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???
  ??????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????????
• ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????
  ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????
  ??????? ???? 5 ???? ?? ??????? ???????? .

40
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ??? ???????????
• ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
  ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???
  ?? ????? .
• ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???
  ??????? ?? ???? ???? .
• ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???
  ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???
  ??????.
• ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?
  ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ????
  ??????? ???????
• ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
  ????????.
• ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????
  ??????? ???? ?????????.
• ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??
  ?? ??? ?? ?????.
• ????? ??????? ??? ?????.

41
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ????? ???????? Cryo preservation
• ??????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ??? ????
  ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? - 196o ?
• ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???
  ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??
• ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????
  ?????? ?????.
• ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????
  (?? ???? ???????? ?????).
• ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????
  ????? To Tipo Tency .
• ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???
  ??? ?????? ???????? .
• ??????? ?????????? (???????) ???? ???? ??? ????
  ????? ??????? ? ???????.

42
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ??? ??? -
• ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? (????) ???? ?????
  ??? ????? ?????????? ??? 4o ? ???? 3 ???? ?? ????
  ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???
  ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????? 7 ????
  ?? ??? ?????? ??????? .

43
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ??????? ????????
• ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  ?????? ??? 1 - 9 ? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????
  ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????.
• ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????
  ??????? .
• 75 Morel ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? 9 ? ??
  ?????? ?? ??? .
• 79 Lundergan ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? 1- 4? ???
  ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.

44
????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????

• ??????? ????? Disease elimination
• ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??
  ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??
  ??????? ?????????
• ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????????
  ??????? (???????) ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????
  ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? .
• ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
  ?? ?????? ??? ???????? .
• ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????
  ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ????
  ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? .
• ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????
  ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????
  ???? ?? ???????
• ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? (???
  ???????) ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ????????? ?? ???????? ???????.

45
Micro grafting

• ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (?????)
• ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? .
• ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.
• ????? ????? ??? 1.5 ?? ?? ?????? ??????? .
• ????? ????? ??? 4 6 ?? .
• ??? ?? ??????? (??? T) .

46
Micro grafting

• ????? ?????
• ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??
  ????? ?? ?????
• ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
  ??? ??? 1 ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????
• ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????
  ??????
• ??????? ? ??????? ????????
• ???? ????? ???? ????? (???? T)?? ????? ????
  ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ????
  ??? ???? ??????? .