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History of Policing

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History of Policing PSCI 2481 Wyatt Earp Ofc. Pete Malloy A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLICING Pre-Colonial Policing in England Colonial Policing in America Post-Revolutionary ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: History of Policing


1
History of Policing
  • PSCI 2481

Wyatt Earp
Ofc. Pete Malloy
2
A BRIEF HISTORY OF POLICING
  • Pre-Colonial Policing in England
  • Colonial Policing in America
  • Post-Revolutionary Policing
  • The Rise of the Police Department
    (1790s-1840s)
  • The Political Era
  • The Service Department (1840s-1920s)
  • The Reform Era
  • Crime Fighting as Police Business
    (1930s-1970s)
  • The Modern Era
  • Community-Problem Solving (1980s - ????)

3
Early Policing in England
  • Era of voluntary peacekeeping
  • 1285 Statute of Winchester - Citizens are
    required to pursue criminals under the direction
    of the Constable.
  • 1361 Justices of the Peace appointed by the Crown
  • Watchmen introduced by King Charles II
    (1649-1685).

4
Early Policing in England
  • 1748 - Henry Fielding author of Tom Jones
    takes over as JP of the Bow Street Court
  • Inquiry into the Causes of (Crime)
  • Leads efforts to educate the public about the
    crime problem - Covent Garden Journal
  • Also publishes the Weekly Pursuit - a 1 page
    flyer (precursor of the modern .Ten Most Wanted
    List)
  • Organizes an ex-constable band called the Bow
    Street Runners - salaried group of vigilantes
    but also the first London force.

5
American Colonial Period
  • The Early Colonies An Era of Self-policing
  • Similar backgrounds, similar religious beliefs,
    little to steal, nowhere to hide, towns provided
    protection against the wilderness. (similar to
    the society found in Tristan de Cuhna)
  • (Of course, the settlers were hardly the cream
    of European society. Many were legal and
    religious castoffs.)

6
American Colonial Period
  • Era of British Rule Two principal police
    institutions
  • The Constable
  • Chosen by the townspeople
  • Job - Suppress violations of community
    religious (moral) edicts, primarily victimless
    crimes. Keep drunks in line. Watch for gambling
    and prostitution.
  • The Night Watch
  • A patrol of volunteers supervised by a
    Constable
  • Report drunks and single women out after dark.
  • Duty was avoided by paying others to take your
    shift. (precursor of the paid police force)

7
American Colonial Period
  • During this period, citizens, regardless of their
    economic status, were responsible for the
    identification and pursuit of criminal offenders.
  • Once a criminal was identified, it was the
    citizens responsibility to raise the hue and
    cry and to join the posse to track down the
    criminal.
  • In those days, the penalties were severe so
    criminals had the incentive to run.
  • Detection of crime was largely a private affair.
    Initiatives were encouraged through rewards paid
    to informers.

8
American Colonial Period
  • While night watch groups were established in the
    northern colonies, groups of white men organized
    slave patrols in the southern colonies.
  • Slave patrols were responsible for controlling,
    returning, and punishing runaway slaves.
  • These slave patrols are generally considered to
    be the first "modern" police organizations in
    this country.

9
American Colonial Period
  • Policing on the western frontier varied widely.
  • Settlers originally from northern colonies
    created marshals and police forces similar to
    those in northern colonies.
  • Settlers from southern colonies relied on
    sheriffs and posses.
  • In many western settlements, however, there was
    no formal organized law enforcement. In these
    areas, groups of vigilantes were formed by
    volunteer citizens to combat any threat to the
    order of the settlements.

10
The First Police Departments
  • London (The British Model)
  • Formed in 1829 under the command of Robert Peel.
  • His officers were first called Peelers and
    later Bobbies, a derogatory term at first used
    by British citizens suspicious of this new police
    presence in their community.

11
  • Police force of over 1000 officers with a new
    approach to crime fighting.
  • The MPF became a model for all British provincial
    police forces.
  • Policing was a political business even in Merry
    Ole England. Peel founded the Metropolitan
    Police Force when he was Home Secretary in Lord
    Liverpools Cabinet. The success of the
    Metropolitan Police of London led to Peels
    eventual rise to Prime Minister of England in
    1835.

12
(No Transcript)
13
Peelers PrinciplesThe police are the public
and the public are the police.
  • The basic mission for which the police exist is
    to prevent crime and disorder.
  • The ability of the police to perform their duties
    is dependent upon the public approval of police
    actions.
  • Police must secure the willing co-operation of
    the public in voluntary observation of the law.
  • Police seek and preserve public favor not by
    catering to public opinion, but by constantly
    demonstrating absolute impartial service to the
    law.

14
Peelers Principles
  • The degree of co-operation of the public that can
    be secured diminishes proportionately to the
    necessity of the use of physical force.
  • Police use physical force to the extent necessary
    to secure observance of the law or to restore
    order only when persuasion, advice, warning is
    found to be insufficient.

15
Boston The American Prototype
  • When first initiated by the City Council in 1824,
    the department, under the supervision of the
    city Marshall, was charged with "the care of the
    streets, the care of the common sewers, and the
    care of the vaults, and whatever else affects the
    health, security, and comfort of the city."
  • In these early days, an officer on duty carried a
    six-foot pole, painted blue and white to protect
    himself, and a "police rattle" to call for
    assistance.

16
Boston Police DepartmentA Brief Historical
Chronology
  • 1635 First night watch established.
  • 1788 The word "police" appeared for the fist
    time, designating a specific office, "Inspector
    of Police".
  • 1822 The Town of Boston became the City of
    Boston. Increases in the population businesses
    created increased demand for police patrol.
  • 1838 Law passed permitting day patrol. City had
    a Day Police and a Night Watch, which operated
    completely independently of one another.
  • 1854 Boston Police Department established,
    structured after the model developed by Sir
    Robert Peeler.
  • 1858 Telegraph system completed, linking central
    office and police stations.

17
  • 1861 White cotton gloves worn by the officers
    for the first time. Thereafter, "full uniform"
    included the wearing of such gloves.
  • 1872 The Great Boston Fire of November 9 and 10
    which destroyed 776 buildings. The fire was
    discovered by a patrolman who was chasing boys on
    Lincoln Street.
  • 1873 First mounted patrol established.
  • 1903 First motor patrol wagon placed in service
    a Stanley Streamer touring car operated by a
    chauffeur the police officer sat on higher seat
    so that he could look over areas back fences.

18
The New York Police Department
  • In 1844, the NYPD was formed by combining day and
    night forces into a single integrated PD, the
    first such arrangement in this country.
  • NYPD adopted a uniform so citizens could easily
    recognize officers (Blue becomes the color of the
    force in 1853), and a paramilitary structure like
    the British.
  • No training, meager salaries, limited public
    respect. Politics influences too much of their
    activities.
  • Boston and Philadelphia give its officers guns
    for the first time in 1854 and NY follows suit in
    1857.

19
WHERE DID THE TERM "COPS" COME FROM?
  • When the first NY police force began patrolling
    in the summer of 1845, they only had badges on
    their civilian clothing. The badges were 8
    pointed stars with the seal of the City at the
    center and were made of stamped copper. The
    newspapers of the time referred to the new force
    as the "Star Police" but people seeing the shiny
    copper shields began to call the new force
    "Coppers" which was later shortened to "Cops."

20
Alternative Theories
  • Copper as slang for policeman is first found in
    print in 1846, according to the Oxford English
    Dictionary. The most likely explanation is that
    it comes from the verb "to cop" meaning to seize,
    capture, or snatch, dating from just over a
    century earlier (1704).
  • There is also a British police term, Constable On
    Patrol, which may account for the term "cops" in
    England.
  • The French call their police gendarmes, which
    came from gens d'arme (people with weaponry)
    which ranked just below knight in medieval armies

21
Early Police Forces in America
22
Nashville PD 1870
23
Nashville 1890 The winter uniform
24
Chattanooga PD 1910
25
1919 Call Box
26
1920
27
Memphis PD 1921
28
1922
29
1923
30
SWAT 1920s
31
1925 Motorcycle Squad
32
Armored Chase Car 1935
33
Radio Cars 1936
34
(No Transcript)
35
1950
36
20th Century Policing
  • Technology changes police operations
  • The telegraph
  • The telephone
  • Walkie-talkies
  • Cars
  • Radio-cars (aka Angels of Death)
  • Radar
  • Computers
  • Computers in cars
  • Crime analysts
  • New training techniques/Police academies
  • New weaponry

37
Reform
  • Wickersham Commission of 1931
  • Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the
    Administration of Justice 1967
  • National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice
    Standards and Goals 1973
  • Criminology as a college major.

38
The Job Today
  • Numbers
  • Federal Structure
  • Salaries

39
Number of Fulltime Law Enforcement Personnel
(2003)
40
American Police Agencies by Population Served
(2003)
41
Average Salaries for Police Officers, by City
Size (2005)
42
Average Salaries for Police Chiefs (2005)
43
The Chiefs of Big City America
44
The public image of police officers and police
departments today
45
How much confidence do you have in the ability of
the police to protect you from violent crime?
  • A Quite Not None
  • great a lot very at all
  • deal much
  • 2000 (Aug) 20 42 31 6
  • 1999 (Mar) 29 41 25 4
  • 1998 (0ct) 19 36 37 8
  • 1995 (Sep) 20 30 39 9
  • 1993 (0ct) 14 31 45 9
  • 1989 14 34 42 8
  • 1985 15 37 39 6
  • 1981 15 34 42 8

46
Q How much respect do you have for the police in
your area?
  • A Hardly
  • great deal Some any
  • 2000 (Aug) 60 30 9
  • 1999 (Mar) 64 29 7
  • 1991 (Mar) 60 32 7
  • 1967 77 17 4
  • 1965 70 22 4

47
Q How high would you rate the honesty ethical
standards of people in these different fields?
  • Very High Ave. Low Very High Low
  • Clergy 15 39 33 7 2
  • Doctors 10 42 38 6 3
  • Policemen 8 34 42 10 4
  • Journalists 4 23 54 13 2
  • Bankers 4 23 53 14 3
  • Lawyers 3 15 43 25 11
  • Congressmen I 10 43 32 11
  • Car Salesmen I 4 32 41 18

48
How would you rate the ____ that serve your
community in accomplishing their criminal justice
mission?
  • Excellent Only Fair Not Sure
  • or Good or Poor
  • Police 64 34 2
  • Prosecutors 48 44 9
  • Judges 45 48 7
  • Prisons 32 54 14
  • Parole Boards 22 57 21

49
Police operations
50
Impact of Timeliness in Reporting Crime
Probability of an Arrest Crime
Reported While In Progress 33 1 Minute
Afterwards 9 10 Minutes Afterwards 5
51
Reasons for Not Calling the Police Private
Matter Police Would Fear of Didnt
Want Not Be Effective Reprisal CRIME To
Bother Them ( Not Reported) Robbery 27 45
0 (35) Burglary 30 63 2
(42) Sex Offenses 40 50 5
(49) Family 65 17 7 Crimes
(50) Auto 20 60 20 Theft (11)
Other than Rape
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