Concentrates

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Concentrates

• David Marcinkowski
• AVS346
• Dairy Cattle Technology

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Concentrates

• Supplement forages
• Needed for high production
• More costly source of nutrients
• Normally produced off farm
• In general they provide
• Energy
• Protein - especially by-pass
• Minerals
• Fat soluble vitamins

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Common Maine Concentrates

• Bakery waste
• Whole potatoes
• Hominy
• Corn gluten feed
• Beet pulp
• Fish meal
• Feather meal
• Meat bone meal
• Urea
• Tapioca
• Tallow

• Corn
• Barley
• Oats
• Soybean meal
• Whole soybeans
• Cottonseed meal
• Canola meal
• Whole cottonseed
• Distillers grains
• Wet brewers grain
• Wheat bran

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Whole Grains

• More expensive than byproducts
• Higher quality
• Can be grown and available locally
• Need processing
• Best starch sources
• Vary in fiber and starch degradability

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Whole Grains
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Classification of By-product Feeds

• Energy Sources
• Sugars and starches
• Fiber
• Fat
• Protein Sources
• CP
• Bypass
• NPN

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Byproducts

• More inexpensive than grains
• Many different sources
• Products of the milling
• Food refinement
• Brewing
• Oil extraction
• Leftovers
• Fiber production

• Consider composition
• Energy
• Protein
• Fiber
• Water
• Variability
• Quality
• Limit to 20 - 25 of concentrate

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Animal Protein By-products

• By-product of slaughter facilities
• Virtually eliminated by mad cow scare
• Only non-ruminant sources
• Increased record keeping
• Extremely high protein and UIP
• 50-80 protein, 60-85 UIP
• High in calcium and phosphorus
• Examples
• Meat and bone meal
• Blood meal
• Hydrolyzed feather meal
• Meat meal
• Fish meal

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Plant Protein By-products

• Relatively high in protein
• If heated high in UIP
• More fiber
• Poorer amino acid balance
• Mix to balance
• Consider other ingredients
• Examples
• Brewers grains dried and wet
• Corn gluten feed - after corn syrup manufactured
• Distillers grains
• Soybean meal
• Cottonseed meal
• Whole cottonseed
• Canola meal
• Linseed meal

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Milling and Energy By-products

• Watch fiber levels and digestiblilty
• Can be inexpensive
• Examples
• Beet pulp - high fiber but very palatable and
  digestible
• Citrus pulp
• Bakery waste - high fat and salt
• Molasses - has lots of water but improves
  palatability
• Hominy - corn bran and germ removed
• Bran (wheat, rice, corn) high fiber, cheap
  ingredient
• Soybean hulls - high fiber but very digestible
• Wheat mill run - flour making - bran primarily

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By-product Roughages

• Inexpensive but there is a reason for it
• Useful when forage supplies are short
• Too fiberous for most milking cow diets
• Consider fiber quality
• Palatability may be issue
• Examples
• Cottonseed hulls
• Beet pulp
• Citrus pulp
• Soy hulls
• Corn cobs
• Almond hulls

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Concentrate Feeding Systems

• Individual cow/topdress according to production
• Parlor feeding -- group feeding 1/2 lb/minute
• Magnetic feeder -- free choice on ID cows
• Electronic feeder -- computer controlled
• TMR (total mixed ration) -- all blended together

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Computer Feeding Station
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Computer Feeder
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Feeding Doors
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Cost, Return, Labor and Milk Rating
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Protein and Carbohydrate Partition of Dairy Feeds
from a Single Company

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Pricing Feedstuffs

• Need to consider a number of factors
• Price - cheap is not always better.
• Type of animal fed
• Animal's requirements
• Other feedstuffs in ration
• Other feedstuffs available

• Quality of the ingredients
• Palatability
• Variation
• Supply
• Storage considerations
• Feeding limitations
• Mixing
• Stability

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Feeding Management

• Three rations on every farm
• Ration 1 balanced by nutritionist
• Ration 2 mixed by feeder
• Ration 3 actually consumed by the cow
• How do you insure that the three are as close as
  possible?
• Feed Management!!

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Ration 1 Balanced by the Nutritionist

• Easiest to get right if you follow steps
• Analysis of all feeds
• Know the pluses and minuses of each feed
• Good estimate of intake
• Good nutritionist
• Good ration program
• Experience feeding cows
• Knowledge in non feeding management
• Knows farm goals
• Trust with the largest cost center on farm
• Communication and service
• Price??

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Ration 2 Mixed by Feeder

• Steps to accurate mixing
• Care of ingredients
• Management of bunker silos
• No spoilage
• Accurate measuring scales
• Mixing sequence
• Mixing time
• Consistent feedout
• Knowledge of out to adjust the ration daily

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Ration 3 Eaten by the Cow

• Steps to insure cattle eat the ration
• Providing adequate amounts 2-5 orts
• Keep cows healthy - feet
• Reduce sorting
• Wetness, thorough mixing, consistent particle
  size, etc
• Facilities design Cow comfort
• Feedbunks, waterers, stalls, footing, misters
• Grouping - Reduce competition
• Times fed/ Turning over feed
• Time away from feed
• Keep feed fresh - Aerobic stability
• Monitor feed intakes and milk production