Parts of Speech

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Parts of Speech Grammar Notes
Glencoe Language Arts Grammar and Composition
Handbook Grade 9 (92-128)
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• Noun A noun is a word that names a person, a
  place, a thing, or an idea (93).
• uncle, doctor, kitchen, apple, respect, pride
• Nouns can be singular or plural depending on
  whether they name one person, place, thing, or
  idea, or more than one.
• To form the plural of most nouns, simply add s.
• girlgirls, doctordoctors, deskdesks

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• For Nouns ending in s, ch, sh, x, or z add es to
  form the plural
• dressdresses, switchswitches, brushbrushes,
  boxboxes, waltzwaltzes
• For nouns ending in consonant y, change the y to
  i and add es.
• hobbyhobbies, mysterymysteries,
• joyjoys (joy does not end in consonant y)

Practice exercise page 94.
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For most nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to
v and add s or es. knifeknives, lifelives,
wifewives, chiefchiefs Other nouns have
irregular plurals. manmen, childchildren,
oxoxen Some nouns do not change form from
singular to plural. fishsheepsalmon
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• Possessive nouns A noun can show possession,
  ownership, or the general relationship between
  two nouns (94).
• Add an apostrophe and s to form the possessive
  any singular noun, even one that already ends in
  s.
• Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive of
  a plural noun that ends in s.
• Add an apostrophe and s to form the possessive
  of a plural noun that does not end in s.

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Practice exercise page 95.
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Collective nouns A collective noun is singular
in form but names a group (97). family, herd,
company, band, team, audience, troop, committee,
jury, flock
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• A collective noun is considered singular if you
  are talking about the whole group acting
  together.
• The jury is ready with its verdict.
• The collective noun is considered plural if you
  are talking about the individual members of the
  group.
• The jury are comparing their interpretations of
  the evidence.
• Practice exercises page 98.

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Pronoun A pronoun is a word that takes the
place of a noun, a group of words acting as a
noun, or another pronoun. The word or group of
words to which a pronoun refers is called its
antecedent (98).
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Personal Pronouns
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Possessive Pronouns
Practice exercise page 100.
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Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
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• The reflexive pronoun reflects back to the
  subject and always adds information.
• Jim uses a stopwatch to time himself on the
  track.
• The intensive pronoun adds emphasis to another
  noun or pronoun in the same sentence.
• You must sign the application yourself.
• (101-102)

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Demonstrative Pronouns

• Demonstrative pronouns point out specific
  persons, places, things, or ideas (103).
• This is your locker.
• My uniform is cleaner than those.

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Interrogative Pronouns

• An interrogative pronoun is used to form
  questions (103).
• Who is at the door?
• Whatever were you thinking of?

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Relative Pronouns

• Relative pronouns beginning a special
  subject-verb word group called a subordinate
  clause (103-104).
• The driver who arrived last parked there.
• The meal that you prepared was delicious.

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Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun refers to persons, places,
things, or ideas in a more general way than a
noun does (104).
Practice exercise page 105.
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• Verb A verb is a word that expresses action or
  a state of being and is necessary to make a
  statement (105).
• Action verb An action verb tells what someone
  or something does (106).
• Transitive verbfollowed by a direct object.
• The batter swung the bat confidently.
• Intransitive verbnot followed by a direct
  object.
• The batter swung wildly.

Practice exercises page 107.
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• Linking verbs A linking verb links, or joins,
  the subject of a sentence (often a noun or a
  pronoun) with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective
  that identifies or describes the subject. A
  linking verb does not show action (108).
• The person behind the mask was you.
• Archery is an outdoor sport.
• The players are ready.
• They were sports fans.

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Be in all its formsis, are, was, were, be, amis
the most commonly used linking verb.
Other verbs that can be linking verbs
Practice using linking verbs by writing ten
sentences containing linking verbs. Remember
that they must link the subject to a word that
identifies or describes the subject.
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Verb phrases The verb in a sentence may consist
of more than one word. The words that accompany
the main verb are called auxiliary, or helping,
verbs. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and
all its auxiliary, or helping verbs (108).

• Auxiliary verbs help the main verb express time
  by forming the various tensessee Chapter 5,
  pages 184-212.

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Auxiliary Verbs
These verbs are more easily memorized in this
order.
Practice exercises pages 109-110.
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Adjective An adjective is a word that modifies
a noun or a pronoun by limiting its meaning. An
adjective tells what kind, which one, how many,
or how much (110).

• Possessive pronouns may function as adjectivesmy
  kitten, our house, their books.
• Demonstrative pronouns may function as
  adjectivesthose bicycles, these books, this
  door.
• Possessive nouns may function as
  adjectivesLucys report, Suzies homework, Bobs
  house.

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• Two verb forms may also function as adjectives
• The present participle, which is formed by adding
  ing
• A spinning top is beautiful to see.
• The past participle, which is formed by adding
  ed or is irregularly formed
• Burned toast smells terrible.
• A fallen tree will quickly deteriorate.

Practice exercises page 111.
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Forms of adjectives Many adjectives have
different forms to indicate their degree of
comparison. The positive form indicates no
comparison. The comparative form compares two
nouns or pronouns. The superlative form compares
more that two nouns or pronouns (112).
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(No Transcript)
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Articles Articles are the adjectives a, an, and
the. A and an are indefinite articles. A is used
before a consonant sound and an is used before a
vowel sound. The is the definite article (113).
Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns
and begin with a capital letter.
Practice exercises page 114.
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• Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a
  verb, an adjective, or another adverb by making
  its meaning more specific (114).
• Modifying verbs
• Never swim alone. He has seldom complained.

• Modifying adjectives
• The movie was very scary and too long.

• Modifying adverbs
• She almost always waited quite patiently.

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• Adverbs modify by answering these questions
  When? Where? How? To what degree?
• Adverbs may be placed in various positions
  relative to the verb or verb phrase.
• Negative words, including the contraction nt are
  adverbs. Other negative words can function as
  adverbs of time and place.

Practice exercises page 116.
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• Adverbs that compare Like adjectives, some
  adverbs have different forms to indicate their
  degree of comparison. The comparative form
  compares two actions. The superlative form
  compares more that two actions.
• For most adverbs of only one syllable, add er to
  form the comparative and est to form the
  superlative
• Most adverbs that end in ly or have more that
  one syllable use the word more to form the
  comparative and most to form the superlative

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Some adverbs form the comparative and superlative
irregularly
Practice exercises page 118.
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Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows
the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another
word in a sentence. A prepositional phrase is a
group of words that begins with a preposition and
ends with a noun or a pronoun that is called the
object of the preposition (118).
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PREPOSITIONS You should know these
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A compound preposition is a preposition that is
made up of more than one word.
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• Some words may be used as either a preposition or
  an adverb. If the word has an object, it is used
  as a preposition. If not, it is an adverb.
• I left my boots outside the back door.
• I left my boots outside. (adverb)
• The speech was over my head.
• The speech was over. (adverb)

Practice exercises page 120.
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• Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that joins
  single words or groups of words (120).
• Coordinating conjunctions join words or groups of
  words that have equal grammatical weight in a
  sentence.
• and, but, or, so, nor, yet, for
• A comma is needed when the coordinating
  conjunction combines two main clauses.
• I wanted a new sun hat, so I bought one.

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• Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join
  words and groups of words of equal grammatical
  weight in a sentence (121).
• bothand, just asso, not onlybut (also),
  eitheror, neithernor, whetheror
• The correlative conjunction makes the
  relationship between the words a little clearer
  than do coordinating conjunctions.
• I scrubbed and waxed the floor.
• I not only scrubbed but also waxed the floor.

Practice exercises page 122.
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• Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses, or
  thoughts, in such a way as to make one
  grammatically dependent on the other (122).
• The clause that the subordinating conjunction
  introduces is said to be subordinate, or
  dependent, because it cannot stand by itself as a
  complete sentence.
• When the subordinate clause begins a sentence, it
  is followed by a comma.
• We cant skate on the pond until the ice is
  thicker.
• Until the ice is thicker, we cant skate on the
  pond.

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Common Subordinating Conjunctions
Practice exercises page 123. Write ten original
sentences using different subordinating
conjunctions from this page. Five subordinate
clauses should begin the sentence and five should
be at the end.
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• A conjunctive adverb is used to clarify the
  relationship between clauses of equal weight in a
  sentence.
• A conjunctive adverb is usually stronger, more
  precise, and more formal than the coordinating
  conjunctions it replaces.
• A coordination conjunction requires only a comma
  between the two main clauses
• A conjunctive adverb requires a semicolon
  preceding and a comma following.

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Common Conjunctive Adverbs
Practice exercises pages 124-125. Write five
sentences using conjunctive adverbs. Be sure to
punctuate them correctly.
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• Interjections An interjection is a word or a
  phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation. An
  interjection has no grammatical connection to the
  other words (125). Note the punctuation.
• O, my! What is that?
• Ouch! Its hot!
• Yikes, Ill be late!
• Ah, thats better.

Practice exercises page 125-126. The second
exercise is the first parts of speech review.
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• Review Assignment
• Produce a Review Cover Page for your Parts of
  Speech notes.
• Procedure
• Divide one sheet of unlined paper into eight
  equal sections.
• Use one section for each of the eight parts of
  speech.

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• Each section review must contain
• A definitionbe sure to include parenthetical
  documentation referencing your source.
• An illustrationmay be neatly hand drawn,
  downloaded, imported, or pasted. Must be
  colored.
• A sentence demonstrating usagehighlight all of
  the words in the sentence that are the part of
  speech review.
• Some students have used just one sentence that
  employs all eight parts of speech for each square.

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Noun A word that names a person, place, thing,
or and idea (26). Look! A little green frog is
leaping quickly from leaf to leaf and catching
flies for himself.
You may use two sheets divided into four sections
each if you need more space for your work, but
you may not use the back of your paper.