Grammatical States

1
???????

• Grammatical States

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Introduction

• Human beings experience emotional states based
  on interaction with one another. People make us
  happy, angry, and sad etc. These states are then
  reflected on our faces by our facial expressions
  i.e. smiles, frowns etc. Arabic words behave in
  a similar fashion. They enter grammatical states
  because of interaction with surrounding words.
  These grammatical states are then reflected on
  the last letter of the word. Unlike human
  emotions, grammatical states in Arabic are just
  four

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Grammatical States in Arabic

• ??? - the nominative case.
• ??? - the accusative case.
• ?? - the genitive case.
• ??? - the jussive case.

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Analogy with English Pronouns

• We see this in the English language to a very
  restricted degree in pronouns. Take for example
  the three variations of the third person
  masculine pronoun he, him and his or for the
  feminine she, her and her, for the second person
  masculine you, you and your and for the first
  person I, me and my.

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Reflecting Grammatical Structure

• The reason why the same meaning is being conveyed
  using three different words is to reflect
  grammatical state. When the pronoun is intended
  to be subject of the verb, he or she is used.
  Likewise for object, one must use him or
  her. In the English language this discussion
  is restricted to pronouns. For nouns, regardless
  of how the noun is used, there will be no
  difference in the way the noun is pronounced. In
  Arabic this process is extended to the vast
  majority of nouns, and some verbs also.

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Definition

• The name given to this process is ?????.
  Therefore, ????? is the process by which
  grammatical states are reflected on the last
  letter of words by change in vowelling or
  lettering, either explicitly or assumed.

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Need

• The need for this occurs because in Arabic, we
  have no other way of determining whether a given
  noun is being made the subject of the verb or the
  object, or whether it is in the possessive case.
  There is no rule in Arabic which states the
  subject HAS to come before the object. A verb
  followed by two nouns can have any of the
  following three possibilities

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Example

• The first is subject and second is object.
• Vice versa.
• The two nouns together form a possessive phrase
• For instance, if the verb ?????? (hit) is
  followed by the two nouns ????? (boy) and ?????
  (a persons name), the sentence can have three
  possible meanings
• A boy hit Zaid.
• Zaid hit a boy.
• Zaids boy hit (Someone else)!

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Summery

• It is apparent from the above that some sort of
  system of reflection is needed to determine the
  intended structure while excluding the other two.
  In Arabic this is done by giving the last letter
  a distinct vowelling or lettering.

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22 places and 3 states for the ???

• As mentioned above, the total grammatical states
  for the Arabic ???? are four. The fourth state
  i.e. ??? applies to the ????? verb only, and
  does not apply to the ???. It will be discussed
  at a later point.
• As for the other three states ???, ???, ?? , the
  ??? experiences all three.
• In the boy and Zaid example sited above, the
  two nouns were occurring as subject, object and
  possessive.
• These are not the only three ways the ??? can be
  used in a sentence, obviously. The total possible
  ways the ??? can be used are much more,
  especially taking into account that the ??? in
  the Arabic language is more than noun, and also
  includes adverbs and adjectives etc. Some others
  are predicate, object of preposition, adverb of
  time place, adverb of reason or cause, etc.
  etc. The total possible ways are twenty-two.

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???, ???, ??

• Since the total possible positionings for the ???
  are twenty-two, but the grammatical states are
  just three, ???, ???, ?? must be understood as
  broad categories covering several possible usages
  and not simply subject, object and possessive.
• The way it works is ??? accounts for eight of the
  22, while ??? accounts for 12 and ?? represents
  just two.

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Two ?? Positionings

• In a previous session, we mentioned regarding the
  possessive phrase, that the second word, known as
  the ???? ???? is always fixed on ??.
• This is like the word ??? in the phrase ?????
  ????.
• The only other place in the language when a word
  is considered in the genitive case is if it
  follows a preposition such as ?? or ??, such
  as in ?? ??????. The ??? which follows a
  preposition is simply known as ?????.

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Two ?? Positionings

• ???
• ??? -
• ?? - ???? ????, ?????

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Prelude to other Positionings

• In a previous presentation we talked about the
  two types of sentences ???? ????? and ???? ?????.
• The terms which result from these two sentences
  are five two for the ???? ?????, and three for
  the ???? ?????. They are
• 1. ???? ?????? the sentence which begins with
  an ??? e.g. ???????? ?????? (The boy is
  standing). The two parts are known as ???????
  and ????? (subject and predicate).
• 2. ???? ?????? the sentence which begins with a
  ??? e.g. ?????? ?????? (Hamid went). The two
  parts are known as ??? and ???? (verb and
  subject). If the verb requires an object, it is
  called ????? ??
• In a passive structure, the subject ???? goes
  missing, and the ????? ?? replaces it, becoming
  the primary part of the sentence. The name
  changes and it is now known as ???? ???? or
  deputy-doer.

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Five new Positionings

• From the six terms originating from the two
  sentences (??????? , ?????, ???, ????, ?????
  ??,???? ????), we will remove the ???, since the
  discussion is about the grammatical positionings
  the ??? experiences.
• From the remaining five, four will go in ???, and
  one will go in ???.

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Twenty-two Places

• ??? ????, ???? ????, ?????, ???
• ??? - ????? ??
• ?? - ???? ????, ?????

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Prelude to four more

• We mentioned earlier that there are certain
  particals in the language that enter upon words
  and affect their grammatical state. These are
  known as governing agents. They are often
  categorized into groups e.g. the prepositions
  which are 17 in number and all enter upon the
  ??? and cause it to enter the state of ??. Here
  we will introduce to two such groups the ???
  sisters, and the ???????????????? sisters.

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• Both groups of agents enter upon the ?????
  sentence and cancel the grammatical states of
  both the ????? and the ???. What use to be known
  as the is now know as the ??? of ??? (subject of
  the ??? sentence), and the ??? of ??? (subject of
  the ?? sentence). Likewise, the predicates become
  the ??? of ??? and the ??? of ???.
• Grammatical state-wise, the way it works is both
  the ??? of ??? and the ??? of ???go in ???,
  while the other two are positionings of ???.

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Twenty-two Places

• ??? - ????, ???? ????, ?????, ???, ???? ???, ????
  ????
• ??? - ????? ??, ???? ???????, ???? ????
• ?? - ???? ????, ?????