Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

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Anatomy and PhysiologyChapter 1
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1.1 Introduction

• Early interest in the human body probably
  developed as people became concerned about
  injuries and illness.
• Primitive doctors began to learn how certain
  herbs and potions affected body functions.
• The belief that humans could understand forces
  that caused natural events led to the development
  of modern science.
• A set of terms originating from Greek and Latin
  words in the basis for the language of anatomy
  and physiology.

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1.2 Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy describes the form and organization of
  body parts.
• Physiology considers the functions of anatomical
  parts.
• The function of an anatomical part depends on the
  way it is constructed.
• Anatomists continue to discover new anatomical
  features of the body.

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• Anatomy deals with the FORM or STRUCTURE
  (morphology) of the body and its ORGANIZATION.
• Physiology studies the FUNCTION of these parts.
• The topics of anatomy and physiology are
  difficult to separate because the structures of
  body parts are so closely associated with the
  functions. Ex. The chambers of the heart are
  adapted to pump blood through blood vessels.

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1.3 Characteristics of Life

• Fundamental characteristics of life are traits
  shared by all organisms.
• Characteristics of life include - 10
  characteristics
• Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction,
  respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation,
  assimilation, excretion

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Characteristics

• Movement- change in position of the body or of a
  body part motion of an internal organ. Ex.
  Migration movement from place to place.
• Responsiveness-Reaction to a change taking place
  inside or outside the body.
• Growth- increase in body size without change in
  shape. When an organism produces new body
  materials faster than old ones are worn out.
• Reproduction- production of new organisms and new
  cells.
• Reproduction and growth are NOT synonymous.

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Characteristics continued

• 5. Respiration- Obtaining oxygen, removing
  carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods.
  6O2 C6H12O6 6CO2 6H2O
• 6. Digestion- breakdown or food substances into
  simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
• 7. Absorption- is the passage of substances
  through various body membranes and into body
  fluids.

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Characteristics continued again..

• 8. Circulation- movement of substances from
  place to place in body fluids.
• 9. Assimilation- changing of absorbed substances
  into chemically different forms.
• 10. Excretion- removal of wastes produced by
  metabolic reactions.
• Metabolism- acquisition and use of energy.

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1.4 Maintenance of LifeRequirements of Organisms

• Water- The most abundant chemical in the body. It
  is used in many metabolic processes, provides the
  environment for metabolic reactions, and
  transports substances.
• Food-are substances that supply the body with
  chemicals and water necessary in vital reactions.

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Requirements of Organisms continued

• 3. Oxygen- releases energy from food materials.
• 4. Heat- is a product of metabolic reactions and
  it controls the rate at which chemical reactions
  take place in the body.
• 5. Pressure- is a force on something.
  Atmospheric pressure help breathing. Hydrostatic
  pressure help blood movements.

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Homeostasis

• Is a condition of a stable internal environment.
• Body parts function only when the concentrations
  of water, nutrients, and oxygen and the
  conditions of heat and pressure remain within
  certain narrow limits.

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Homeostatic Mechanisms

• Homeostatic mechanisms are self regulating
  control systems. Negative feedback.
• Receptors- which provide info. about specific
  conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment.
• Set point- which tells what a particular value
  should be. Ex. body temperature 98.6F.
  Homeostasis in a healthy person changes around
  the set point.
• Effectors- which cause responses that alter
  conditions in the internal environment.

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• Perspiring is a cooling process.
• Shivering is a heating process. When the body
  needs to conserve heat, blood vessels in the skin
  surface constrict.
• When a persons body heat rises, the brains
  temperature control center increases the loss of
  body heat.
• In maintaining homeostasis, the feedback to the
  control center is triggered by changes away
  from the set point.

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1.5 Levels of Organization

• Chemicals are made up of smaller structures
  called atoms and atoms can combine to form
  molecules.
• Organelles are structures within cells that
  perform specific functions.
• In the human body, the most complex level of
  organization is the organ system.
• Tissues are layers or masses that have common
  functions.

• Atoms
• Molecules
• Macromolecules
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ system
• Organism

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1.6 Organization of the Human Body

• Axial portion- which includes the head, neck, and
  trunk. (Dorsal and Ventral)
• Appendicular portion- which includes the upper
  and lower limbs.
• Viscera or visceral organs- vital organs.

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Dorsal Cavity

• Dorsal cavity cavity in the back of the body.
  Axial portion.
• Divided into the following
• cranial cavity - skull contains the brain
• spinal cavity Vertebral canal contains the
  spinal cord and backbone

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Ventral Cavity

• Ventral cavity located in the front of the
  body.
• Divided into the following thoracic and
  abdominopelvic cavities. Divided by diaphragm
• Thoracic cavity - contains the heart lungs
• Mediastinum separates the cavity into 2
  compartments. Left and right
• pleural cavities - contain the lungs
• pleural membrane lines the pleural cavity
• pericardial cavity - contains the heart
• pericardium lines the pericardial cavity

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Ventral Cavity Continued

• 2. Abdominoplevic cavity abdominal cavity
  pelvic cavity
• abdominal cavity contains stomach, liver,
  spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the
  small and large intestines
• peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
• mesentery holds the organs/viscera in place.
• pelvic cavity contains bladder, reproductive
  organs, end of large intestines

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Organ Systems

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive

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Body Covering

• 1. The integumentary system includes the skin,
  hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
  (hair follicles).
• Protects underlying tissues, regulates body
  temperature, houses sensory receptors, and
  synthesizes various substances.

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Support and movement

• 2. Skeletal system is composed of bones,
  cartilages and ligaments.
• Provides a framework, protective shields, and
  attachments for muscles. Produces blood cells and
  stores inorganic salts.
• 3. Muscular system includes the muscles of the
  body.
• Moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces
  body heat.

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Integration and coordination

• 4. Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal
  cord, nerves, and sense organs.
• Receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets
  these impulses, and acts on them by stimulating
  muscles or glands.
• 5. Endocrine system consists of glands that
  secrete hormones, which regulate metabolism.
• Includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland and
  pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and
  thymus gland.

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Transport

• 6. Cardiovascular system includes the heart and
  blood vessels.
• Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
  wastes.
• 7. Lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic
  vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland,
  and spleen.
• Defends body against disease-causing agents.

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Absorption and excretion

• 8. Digestive system receives foods, breakdown
  food into usable molecules, and eliminates waste.
• Includes mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands,
  pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,
  pancreas, small and large intestine.
• 9. Respiratory system exchanges gases between the
  air and blood.
• Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
  bronchi, and lungs.

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• 10. Urinary system filters waste from the blood
  and helps maintain water, acid-base, and
  electrolyte balance.
• Includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
  urethra.

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Reproduction

• 11. Reproductive system produce new organisms.
• Male reproductive transports sperm cells
• Female reproductive transports egg cells

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1.7 Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical position Terms of relative position
  are used to describe the location of a part
  relative to another part.
• Superior Needs to be in reference to another
  part. What does it mean? Above
• Inferior Opposite of superior, what does it
  mean? Below

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Anatomical Terms continued

• 3. Anterior Means the same as ventral in
  humans. Where does it refer to? Front
• Posterior Means the same as dorsal in humans.
  What is it referring to? Back
• Ex. the spinal cord is posterior to the heart
• 5. Medial means towards the midline.
• Lateral means towards the side.
• Ex. the ears are lateral to the nose.

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Anatomical Terms continued again

• 7. Proximal also is in reference to another part.
  It means closer to the point of origin.
• 8. Distal is the opposite of proximal. It means
  farther from the point of origin.
• 9. Superficial is close to the surface.
• 10. Deep is far from the surface.

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Body Sections

• Sagittal A sagittal section divides the body
  into right and left portions. Mid-sagittal if it
  passes the midline.
• Transverse (horizontal, cross-sectional) A
  transverse section divides the body into superior
  and inferior portions
• Frontal (coronal) A coronal section divides the
  body into anterior and posterior sections.

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Work Cited

• Human Body picture www.materials.qmul.ac.uk/casest
  ud/implants/
• The Human Body picture www.msichicago.org/omax/hum
  an-body/