Level 1 Microorganisms MCB1006 Coordinator : M J Larkin co-coordinator : L A Kulakov

1
Level 1MicroorganismsMCB1006Coordinator M J
Larkinco-coordinator L A Kulakov
2
Professor Mike Larkin - Communications

• Room 108 MBC
• xt 2288 (Belfast 90972288 )
• Email m.larkin_at_qub.ac.uk
• Pigeon hole in Biological Sciences Office
• ALWAYS LEAVE MESSAGE and HOW TO CONTACT YOU!
• WWW pages
• http//www.qub.ac.uk//mlpage/page1/index.html
• http//www.qub.ac.uk//mlpage/courses/level1/page.h
  tml

3
Course Theme.

• to provide a thorough grounding in the range of
  diversity of microorganisms, their structure,
  nutrition, growth, physiology and genetics. Also
  to provide 'hands-on' practical experience in the
  isolation and cultivation of microorganisms.

Working as individuals in practical work and
skills From group assignment work you will gain
experience in working with a group, independent
research and literature report writing.
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
CONTENT

• A practical and theoretical introduction to the
  biology of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
  Microbial cell morphology structure and function
  of cell components. growth, reproduction and
  enumeration of microorganisms. Aspects of
  microbial genetics. The effects of physical and
  chemical environments on microbial growth. The
  diversity of microorganisms and aspects of their
  pathogenicity in plants and animals. The role of
  microorganisms in the environment, their uses and
  aspects of microbial biotechnology.

7
STAFF

• Prof Mike Larkin (Module Co-ordinator) - Rm 108,
  MBC
• Dr Leonid Kulakov (co-coordinator) Rm OG413B,
  MBC
• Dr John McGrath Rm LG84 MBC Prof Sheila
  Patrick Microbiology, RVH Dr Alistair
  McCracken Applied Plant Science, Newforge Lane
  Tel [phone] Dr Elizabeth Hoey - Rm 186/182,
  MBC Dr John Hallsworth - Rm LG86 MBC xt 2314
• There is a web site for the course with some
  support material and useful links at the
  following address http//www.qub.ac.uk/mlpage/cou
  rses/level1/page.html

8
Texts

• Prescott L M et al. Microbiology 7/e
  (McGraw-Hill Higher Education) 45.59 ISBN
  0071267271
• Online learning at http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com
  /sites/0072320419/ freely available
• There are others listed equally as good. Brock T
  D Madigan M T. Biology of Microorganisms 12th
  Edition 39.98 (Pearson Education) ISBN
  0321536150
• Animated tutorials (10th Edition) at
  http//wps.prenhall.com/esm_madigan_brockbio_10/5/
  1459/373652.cw/index.html
• Pages and Chapters will be noted for some ?
  DIRECTED READING.

9
ASSESSMENT

• Written exam - 70 . Different format this year
  MCQs will also be used
• Practical exercises - 10 .
• Practical test - 5 5 elements to the test and
  students must be satisfactory in ALL 5 elements.
  
• Mid-semester class-test - 5 MCQs in Week 5
• Group assignment work - 10 .

10
Practical and Assignment arrangements

• Session A Those on Biological Science,
  Biochemistry, Environmental Biology,
  Microbiology, Genetics, Marine Biology, Molecular
  Biology and Zoology degree pathways
• Session B Those on Biomedical Sciences, Food
  Quality, Safety and Nutrition, Physiology and
  Anatomy degree pathways

For some students the practical will have to be
scheduled be in week 6
11
Group Assignment

• Work in groups of 4 same as the practical
  sessions
• The topic must relate to A significant advance
  in Microbiology that relates to your degree
  pathway subject.
• We offer advice on this in the tutorials and it
  is an open learning exercise that relies on your
  initiative.
• Assessment will be on a short and simple report
  that
• Assessed in practical in weeks 10 and 11.

12
COMPULSORY ELEMENTS

• Practical and tutorial attendance 80 (with
  valid excuse for non attendance needed)
  Continuous assessment mark (practicals, tests and
  project) 35 Written exam 35. These represent
  the minimum requirements for modular credit.
• PRACTICAL SESSIONS The class will be divided
  into two groups to be taught on EITHER Tuesdays
  OR Thursdays 3-6 pm in Lab. 117, 1st floor MBC. A
  list is be posted outside the Laboratory
• A clean white laboratory coat and a permanent,
  waterproof fine marker-pen will be required for
  ALL practical sessions.
• Practical manuals are available from The School
  Office

13
Lecture outline

• History/Introduction
• Microbiological Techniques/ Diversity
• Diversity/ Structure and function
• Prokaryotic structure and function
• Nuclear structure, cell walls etc.
• Prokaryotic structure and function
• Prokaryotic structure and function
• Bacterial growth.
• Bacterial Genetic systems (LK)

14
Microbiology History

• A. Definition
• Microbiology is the study of organisms too
  small to be seen with the unaided human eye.
• Diameter less than 0.1mm
• Some Metazoa, Protozoa and Algae.
• Usually Fungi, Bacteria (Archaebacteria and
  Eubacteria) and Viruses.

15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
Microbiology History cont..

• B. Discovery of Microorganisms (?)
• Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Royal Soc London Fellow
  1680-1723. Simple Microscope.
• 1767 Linneaus - SIX species in class Chaos
• 1838 600 TYPES known

18
Microbiology History cont..

• C. Spontaneous generation. ABIOGENESIS.
• 1665 Redi. Flies from meat.
• 1729 Spallazani. Boiled meat infusions
• Late 1700s Oxygen needed for life
• 1822-1895 Pasteur
• 1837 Schwann. Cell theory.
• 1877 Tyndall. Spores survive boiling.

19
Microbiology History cont..

• D. Microbial transformations of matter
• 1837 Yeast-Sugar-Alcohol
• 1839 Leibig and Wohler
• 1857 Pasteur. Anaerobiosis life without air

20
Microbiology History cont..

• E. Microorganisms in disease
• 1813 Fungi and wheat.
• 1845 Fungi. Potato blight.
• 1840 Fungi. Skin diseases.
• 1864 Lister and surgical asepsis (1847 Semmelweis
  childbed fever and asepsis!)
• 1876 Koch. Anthrax Kochs Postulates
• MICROBIOLOGY HAS ARRIVED. Koch. German School.
  Pasteur. French School. Vaccines.

21
Microbiology History cont..

• F. The 20th century.
• 1900 yellow fever transmitted
• 1903 Antibodies
• 1910 First chemical antibiotics (Erlich)
• 1915 bacterial viruses discovered.
• 1928 Genetic transformation.
• 1929 Penicillin discovered
• 1941 Fungal genetics. Gene theory.
• 1943 Bacterial genetics.
• 1944 Streptomycin discovered.
• 1944 DNA holds the genetic code.
• 1953 Structure of DNA

22
Microbiology History cont..

• G. Molecular Biology.
• 1961 Operon Model. E. coli.
• 1960s Bacteriophage development as a molecular
  model.
• Lambda phage central to these studies
• 1968 Insertion sequences / transposable DNA.
• 1970 restriction endonucleases. Arber and
  Smith.
• 1974 onwards. Gene cloning and genetic
  engineering
• 1980s rapid DNA sequencing and gene
  construction
• 1990s BIOTECHNOLOGY HAS ARRIVED.

? DIRECTED READING Prescott. Chapter 1.
23
Microbiology History cont..

• G. The genome era - crowded with discoveries.
• 1970s early sequencing efforts Sanger et al
• 1972 First gene sequenced Walter Frier - Ghent
  bacteriophage MS2
• 1975-1977 Extended sequencing Maxam Gilbert and
  Sanger methodologies http//www.sanger.ac.uk/
• 1975 The first complete DNA genome bacteriophage
  fX174
• 1983 Mullis PCR with Tag polymerase (based on
  method of Kleppe 1971)
• 1986-1987 Automated sequencers
• 1995 Fluorescent dye base sequencing
• 1995 Sequence of smallest bacterium, Mycoplasma
  genitalium
• 1996 Archaea and yeast sequences
• 1997 E. coli K12 sequence major landmark
  Blattner vs Kohara race
• 2006 Final Human genome sequence completed
• 2006 High throughput pyrosequencing
• Metagenomics arrives!

24
Microbiology History cont..

• Microbial genome sequencing links
• Sanger Institute UK
• http//www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/
• Lists bacterial pathogens sequenced and ongoing
• Joint Genome Institute USA
• http//www.jgi.doe.gov/
• Many environmental microorganisms and metagenomic
  projects