History of Medicne

1
History of Medicne

• Body Systems

2
Medical Traditions

• Throughout the world there are numerous strands
  of medical traditions however, we will focus on
  three.
• Ayurveda
• Traditional Chinese Medicine
• African Medical Traditions

3
Ayurveda

• Originates from India
• Comes from the words Ayus (life) and Veda
  (knowledge or science)
• The body has three main forces called Doshas
• Your health, character and appearance are
  inlfuenced by the dominant Doshas

4
Ayurveda as a Treatment

• The goal of ayurvedic medicine is to bring the
  Doshas into a balance.
• The pulse and the physical appearance can provide
  clues as to what is causing the imbalance.
• Some therapies are designed to purge symptoms
  (vomiting,enemas), other to smooth symptoms
• Concerned with preventing illness

5
Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Weather, spirits and the time of day can all
  affect you according to TCM.
• A cosmic energy force called qi (chi) connects
  everything in the universe and allows the
  surroundings to influence you.
• Qi must flow freely through the body to promote
  harmony.
• The qi is divided into ying and yang

6
TCM as a Therapy

• Illness is a symptom of an imbalance of ying and
  yang
• Qi may be blocked, weak or imbalanced
• Ying and yang influence appearance, pulse, sounds
  and smells of your body
• Acupuncture, drugs or moxibustion are common
  treatments
• Dont have to be ill before treatment

7
African Traditional Medicine

• Varied throughout the continent, several similar
  features
• Community based, holistic approach to medicine
• Physical and spiritual aspects are equally
  important
• Some illnesses are related specifically to one or
  the other

8
ATM

• Healers might ask why you are ill, diviners with
  special powers might be asked to find the source
  of disease
• Treatments depend on the source of the problem
• Massage and herbalist remedies are common
• Communal song and dance are also prescribed
  frequently as remedies

9
Western Medical Traditions- Ancient Greece

• Humourism- belief that the body is composed of
  four basic substances (4 humours) in harmony when
  the body is healthy
• Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood
• Treatments include bleeding and application of
  hot cups

10
Andreas Vesalius

• Prior to Vesalius learning anatomy consisted of
  reading the texts of ancient Greek physicians
• First to use hands on dissections to teach about
  anatomy
• Instead of digging up bodies in the dark he
  started to be allowed to do dissections on
  executed criminals
• Produced fantastic diagrams based on human
  experimentation (Galens drawings were from apes)

11
De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the fabric of the
human body)
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De humani corporis fabrica
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De Humani Corporis Fabrica
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De Humani Corporis Fabrica
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De Humani Corporis Fabrica
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De Humani Corporis Fabrica
17
Ambroise Pare

• Pioneered many surgical treatments and
  specialized in the treatment of wounds
• Used a mixture including turpentine to heal
  wounds (cleaned the wound)
• Used ligatures of arteries to reduce blood flow
  and slow bleeding

18
Ambroise Pare

• Used cauterization techniques prior to amputation
• Hypothesized that phantom pain after amputation
  arose in the brain
• Revived the practice of podalic versiori to
  deliver babies not coming out safely

19
Bezoar Stone Experiment

• The Bezoar stone was reputed to be able to cure
  the effects of any poison
• Pares cook was caught steeling silverware
• The cook agreed to be poisoned to determine if
  the stone infact worked
• The cook died days later proving that the Bezoar
  stone had no miraculous healing properties

20
William Harvey

• Described the process of blood being pumped
  around the body by the heart
• Discovered how valves in the veins work
• Postulated that the circulatory system was closed
  and that the heart re-circulated throughout the
  body
• Clashed with Galens concept that blood was
  created in the liver and that there were two
  types of blood

21
William Harvey

• Theorized that there are two separate loops of
  the circulatory system, one to the lungs and the
  other to the rest of the body
• Carried out dissections showing that embryos do
  not possess characteristics of adults

22
Science and Medicine

• Science, with its focus on observation and
  experimentation has lead to great advances in
  medicine
• The following have all improved the efficacy of
  medicinal practice
• Germ theory
• Bacteriology
• Chemical analysis
• Diagnostic technologies
• Drug therapies

23
Germ Theory

• The source of disease and illness is biological
  stemming from virulent bacteria and viruses
• Prevention of disease by sanitation and
  vaccination
• Cure through anti-biotics

24
Bacteriology

• The study of bacteria has yielded numerous
  anti-biotics and an understanding about the
  positive and negative roles they have

25
Chemical Analysis

• Chemical analysis of body fluids can lead to a
  better understanding of how the body works and
  how diseases can be treated.

26
Diagnostic technologies

• Ultrasound, X-rays, Endoscopes, MRI and a number
  of other technologies can diagnose diseases
  easily and allow the practitioner to select an
  appropriate treatment.

27
Drug Therapies

• Using scientific experimentation a number of
  drugs have been developed for a wide array of
  diseases