Galen

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Galens Theory of the Four Temperaments(130-200
A.D.)
Blood Cheerful, sanguine, warm-hearted, volatile
Black Bile Sad, Melancholic
Yellow Bile Fiery, Quick-Tempered, Person of
Action
Phlegm Slow Moving, Cautious, Phlegmatic
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When are Traits Good Predictors of Behavior?
When they are specific and limited
When an individual is extreme on the trait
Traits predict general behavior over time better
than single instances
More specific situations help make traits better
predictors
The influence of any personality trait can be
overpowered by strong situations
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The Metatrait Hypothesis
Personalities of different individuals contain
different clusters of traits, so that traits
that are important for you (self-schematic
traits) are more useful than traits that are not
relevant to you (aschematic traits)
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The Big Five Personality Traits
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness (Will to Achieve)
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Openness to Experience
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The Measurement of Personality
OBJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY
Global Measures MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory)
Specific Measures Locus of Control
PROJECTIVE MEASURES OF PERSONALITY
EXAMPLES
Rorschach Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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The Rorschach Test
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The Rorschach Test
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The Rorschach Test
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The Rorschach Test
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis
Freud 1856-1939
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Freuds View of Human Nature

• Motivation due to the Pleasure Principle
• We are driven to action by instincts
• Eros The Sex Instinct
• Libido Psychic energy associated with the sex
  instinct.
• Thanatos The Death Instinct
• Psychic Determinism Nothing happens by chance
• The Unconscious Part of the personality that is
  inaccessible to the person

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Freuds View of Human Nature
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Freuds Model of the Personality

• Id
• Entirely unconscious
• Irrational, impulsive, selfish
• No conception of reality or morality
• Primary Process Thought
• Ego
• Develops around 6-8 months
• Sane rational The Reality Principle
• Secondary Process Thought
• Anxiety is the Egos response to threats
• Superego
• Morality internalizes rules sense of right and
  wrong
• Ego Ideal what person would like to be
• Punishes with guilt

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Oral Stage ( Lasts for first12-18 months)
• Anal Stage (1-1.5 years through age 3 or so)
• Phallic Stage (about 3 until about 6)
• Oedipus Complex
• Latency Stage ( 6 until puberty)
• Genital Stage (puberty through adulthood)

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Anxiety Defense Mechanisms

• Repression- Ego keeps impulses from consciousness
• Denial- Refuse to perceive reality
• Displacement- Substitute acceptable for
  unacceptable things
• Sublimation- Rechannel impulses to creative,
  socially acceptable behavior
• Projection- Attribute ones own undesirable
  characteristics to others
• Reaction Formation- Behave opposite to impulses
• Rationalization- Justify through excuses
• Intellectualization- Dissociate from feelings
  focus on logic
• Undoing- Perform desirable act to make up for
  undesirable one
• Compromise Formation- Use contradictory behaviors
  to gain satisfaction from undesirable impulse

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Psychoanalysis

• Goal Seek insight into the unconscious, achieve
  catharsis release from tension
• Tools of Psychoanalysis
• Hypnosis
• Free Association
• Analysis of Dreams

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Other Influential People in Psychoanalysis

• Carl Jung (1875-1961)
• Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
• Karen Horney (1885-1952)
• Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949)
• Otto Rank (1884-1945)

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Carl Jung (1875-1961)

• Psychic energy still an outcome of conflict
  between opposing forces in personality, but it is
  not all about sex.
• There is a personal AND collective unconscious
• Instincts Archetypes
• The Persona
• The Shadow
• The Animus Anima
• His Theory of Psychological Types is very
  influential in psychology today the basis of the
  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
• Developed advanced techniques for the
  interpretation of dreams.

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Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

• He called his system Individual Psychology
• An Individuals Goals direct his or her behavior
• Striving for perfection completion
• Overcoming feelings of inferiority striving for
  superiority
• Organ Inferiority
• Masculine Protest
• Inferiority Complex
• Social Interest
• Style of Life
• Early Childhood Experiences are Critical for
  Development
• Parenting Style (pampering vs. neglect) determine
  style of life
• Birth Order is a critical variable
• Goals of Psychotherapy To promote a socially
  interested style of life overcome feelings of
  inferiority
• Uses standard psychoanalytic techniques,
  especially dream interpretation

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Third Force Psychology

• A Reaction against determinism of Behaviorism
  Psychoanalysis
• Human behavior is NOT determined
• Humans are free to choose their own existence
• A Combination of Humanistic Existential
  Psychology
• Focus is on helping healthy individuals achieve
  full potential
• Humanistic Psychology People are innately good
  We strive to actualize our inner potential
• Existential Psychology We need to create
  meaning in our life and Take charge

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Third Force Psychology

• Famous Third-Force Psychologists
• Martin Heidegger (Existential)
• Rollo May (Humanistic)
• Erich Fromm (Existential)
• Psychopathology results from cultural forces that
  prevent us from creating meaning
• Abraham Maslow (Humanistic)
• Psychopathology results from failure to satisfy
  needs (especially self-actualization needs)
• Carl Rogers (Humanistic)
• Psychopathology results from a lack of positive
  self-regard created by conditions of worth