Obtaining Raw Materials

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Obtaining Raw Materials

• Exploring Manufacturing
• Chapter 6

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After studying this chapter, you will be able to

• Define renewable and exhaustible resources and
  give examples of each.
• Describe three different methods for mining raw
  materials.
• Define and describe two methods of drilling for
  oil and gas.
• Describe three methods of harvesting forests.
• Explain methods by which raw materials are moved
  to mills and refineries.

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Raw materials

• Raw materials are natural resources found on or
  in the earth or seas.
• All manufacturing starts with raw materials.
• These materials are of two basic types, they are
  renewable or exhaustible.

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Resources

• Renewable
• Trees
• Cotton
• Wool
• Flax
• Animal hides

• Exhaustible
• Metal ores
• Petroleum
• Natural gas
• Coal
• Clays

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RENEWABLE RESOURCES

• Renewable resources are biological materials
  (growing things).
• Each growing unit (plant or animal) has a life
  cycle.
• First, it is planted or born.
• It then grows through stages to maturity (full
  size).
• Finally, it becomes old and dies.

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Good Example a tree

• It is planted by nature or people.
• It grows and, after a number of years, reaches
  full size.
• Then, growth slows and finally stops.
• Limbs die and fall off.
• Insects, wind, and decay attack the tree.
• In time, it dies and falls to the forest floor.
• There it rots, providing nutrients (food) for
  other plants.

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Managing Resources

• Managing a resource means making sure that there
  is always a supply to use.
• People must plan and work at growing new
  resources and knowing when and how to harvest
  them.
• Example, a forester should not cut down all the
  trees in a forest without planting new ones.

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EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES

• Exhaustible resources have a limited supply.
  There is a fixed amount of them on earth. They
  can be used up. Like the dinosaurs, a material
  can become extinct.
• For example, there is only so much petroleum,
  gold ore, natural gas, or iron ore on the earth.
  If we use them all up, thats it. Thus, all
  resources must be used wisely.

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Obtaining Raw Materials

• Obtaining raw materials for manufacturing is a
  three-step process. This includes
• Locating resources
• Gathering resources
• Transporting (moving) resources.

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LOCATING RAW MATERIALS

• A large part of getting raw materials is finding
  them.
• Aerial mapping using an airplane to take
  pictures.
• Geological under the ground.
• Geologists people who study the structure of
  the earth.
• Grown commercially for money
• Trees
• Livestock

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GATHERING RAW MATERIALS

• This is done using three major methods.
• Mining
• Drilling
• Harvesting

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MINING

• Mining involves digging resources out of the
  earth.
• Open-pit mining a type of mining used when the
  resource is close to the surface.
• Underground mining a mining method that uses
  digging tunnels to reach the material. There are
  three major underground mining methods shaft
  mining, drift mining, and slope mining.

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Shaft Mining

• This method is used for deeply buried mineral
  deposits. A shaft and an air shaft are dug down
  to the level of the deposit. The material is
  mined by digging horizontal tunnels from the
  vertical shaft.

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Drift Mining

• This method is used when the mineral vein comes
  to the surface at one point. A tunnel is dug
  into the vein, which is serviced by rail cars
  that move along the drift shaft.

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Slope Mining

• This method is used for a shallow mineral
  deposit. A sloping tunnel is dug down to the
  deposit. The minerals are often carried to the
  surface on a moving platform called a conveyor.

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Drilling

• A method used to reach underground liquid
  resources such as oil and water. A small round
  hole is drilled using a derrick and a drill bit
  that grinds up the rock as it drills.

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Vertical Drilling

• The most common type of drilling the result is
  a hole that runs straight up and down.

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Directional Drilling

• A technique that allows wells to be drilled at an
  angle or along a curve to reach oil or gas.

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Harvesting

• Harvesting is a method used to collect a growing
  resource. Trees are the major growing resource
  that produce engineering materials. Trees are
  harvested using one of three methods.
• Selective cutting
• Clear-cutting
• Seed tree cutting

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Selective Cutting

• A harvesting technique in that mature trees are
  selected and cut. Younger trees are left
  standing.

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Clear Cutting

• A method for harvesting trees that cuts down all
  trees regardless of age or species.

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Seed Tree Cutting

• All trees in an area, except for four or five
  large ones, are cut. The large trees reseed the
  area. This technique is used in the southern
  pine forests.

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Harvesting

• Harvesting requires several steps.
• First, either trees or the area to be harvested
  must be selected.
• Fallers then fell (cut down) the trees.
• Bucker removes the limbs and top
• The tree is cut to standard lengths for the mill.
• The lengths, called logs, are moved to a central
  location for loading on trucks or railcars. This
  task is called yarding.
• From the yard, the trees are hauled to the mill.
• They are placed in a pond to help retain their
  moisture and reduce insect damage.

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Transporting Resources

• Nearly every type of land and water
  transportation is used to move raw materials.
• Coal can be ground up and mixed with water,
  forming a slurry, for pipeline transport.
• Trucks of all kinds and sizes move mineral and
  forest products.
• Barges and ships are used on inland waterways and
  oceans.
• In short, the most economical method is used to
  move raw materials from mine, well, and forest.

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Summary

• Raw materials are the foundation for all
  manufactured goods.
• These materials are either a renewable or an
  exhaustible resource.
• They are located, gathered, and transported to
  primary processing mills or refineries.
• Commonly, raw materials are gathered through
  mining, drilling, and harvesting.
• The gathered resources move over land and on
  water.
• Then they are transformed (changed) into
  industrial materials.

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• Define renewable and exhaustible resources and
  give examples of each.
• Renewable resources
• are biological materials (growing things).
• Trees
• Cotton
• Wool
• Flax
• Animal hides
• Exhaustible resources
• have a limited supply. There is a fixed amount
  of them on earth. They can be used up. Like the
  dinosaurs, a material can become extinct.
• Metal ores
• Petroleum
• Natural gas
• Coal
• Clays

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Describe three different methods for mining raw
materials.

• Shaft Mining
• Drift Mining
• Slope Mining

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Define and describe two methods of drilling for
oil and gas.

• Vertical Drilling
• Directional Drilling

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Describe three methods of harvesting forests.

• Selective cutting
• Clear-cutting
• Seed tree cutting

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Explain methods by which raw materials are moved
to mills and refineries.

• Trucks of all kinds and sizes move mineral and
  forest products.
• Barges and ships are used on inland waterways and
  oceans.

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ANY QUESTIONS?