MATERNAL DEPRIVATION

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MATERNALDEPRIVATION

• BY
• IGBODIPE V.I
• 29-06-09
  
  

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OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• HISTORY
• CAUSES/TYPES OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION.
• MATERNAL DEPRIVATION SYNDROME
• CONCLUSION.

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INTRODUCTION

• The term maternal deprivation dates back to the
  early work of psychoanalyst John Bowlby on the
  effects of separating infants and young children
  from their mother (or mother-substitute).
• Maternal deprivation is when a child is denied
  of normal maternal care.
• The effect is marked if the child is deprived in
  the first two years of life.
• It is a form of extrinsic handicap

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WHAT IS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION

• Maternal deprivation is when a child is denied of
  normal maternal care.
• The effect is marked if the child is deprived in
  the first two years of life.
• It is a form of extrinsic handicap

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• Maternal deprivation- Inadequate mothering,
  whether delivered by the mother or another
  primary care giver, during the first six months
  of life, leading to a failure of attachment, OR
  more generally inadequate mothering during the
  first five years of life.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• John Bowlby was commissioned by the WHO to write
  a report on the mental health of homeless
  children in Europe after World war II. The report
  was published in 1951 and titled Maternal Care
  and Mental Health

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• He submitted that An infant and young child
  should experience a warm, intimate and continuous
  relationship with his mother (or permanent
  mother-figure) in which both find satisfaction
  and enjoyment.
• MATERNAL DEPRIVATION HYPOTHESIS Breaking the
  maternal bond with the child during the early
  years of his life is likely to have serious
  effects on his intellectual, social and emotional
  development.

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TYPES OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION.

• Mother- Child separation
• Multiple Mothering
• Distortion in Quality of Care
• Institutionalization

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TYPES

• Mother Child separation occurs when a child
  is separated from his/her mother or mother
  substitute for prolonged periods of time or
  permanently through death, chronic illness such
  as insanity.
• B. Multiple Mothering- A child has different
  people providing the care that a mother or a
  mother substitute should provide. There is no
  particular person that the child can identify as
  his/her mother.

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TYPES CONTD

• C. Distortion in the quality of care- two
  extremes
• Overprotection
• Child abuse
• Overprotection
• The child is extremely sheltered, not
  adequately disciplined and quite often too
  spoilt. This often occurs if the child is a
  precious baby, only child or a particular sex the
  parents have been hoping for. It doesnt allow
  the child to develop properly.

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• Child abuse
• Also known as child maltreatment. It
  constitutes all forms of physical and /or
  emotional ill treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or
  negligent treatment or commercial exploitation
  resulting in actual or potential harm to the
  childs health, survival, development or dignity
  in the context of a relationship of
  responsibility, trust and power.

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CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE

• Most of d time it is not entirely intentional.
• Previous abuse or neglect in parents themselves.
• Very young or inexperienced parents.
• Extraordinary family stress.
• Alcoholism or use of other drugs.
• Socioeconomic class.

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MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CHILD ABUSE

• Neglect
• Psychological / Emotional Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Exploitation

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NEGLECT AND NEGLIGENT TREATMENT

• Neglect is failure to provide for the development
  of the child in all spheres health, education,
  emotional development, nutrition, shelter and
  safe living conditions, in the context of
  resources reasonably available to the family and
  caretakers and can cause harm to the childs
  health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or
  social development.

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EMOTIONAL ABUSE

• A pattern of behaviour that impairs a childs
  emotional development or sense of self worth.
• Acts include restriction of movement, pattern of
  belittling,scape-goating, threatening, scaring,
  discriminating, ridiculing or other non physical
  forms of hostile or rejecting treatment.

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SEXUAL ABUSE

• Child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child
  in sexual activity that he or she does not fully
  comprehend, is unable to give informed consent
  to, or that violates the laws and social taboos
  of the society.
• This includes
• The inducement of a child to engage in any
  unlawful sexual activity
• The exploitative use of a child in prostitution
  or other unlawful sexual practices
• The exploitative use of children in pornographic
  performances and materials

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EXPLIOTATION

• Refers to the use of the child in work and other
  activities for the benefit of others. This
  includes child labor and child prostitution.
  These activities are to the detriment of the
  childs physical or mental health, education,
  spiritual, moral or social- emotional development

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PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE

• Understand the problem.
• Understand the causes.
• Support programs that support families.
• Report suspected abuse and neglect
• Education and Media Campaign

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D. INSTITUTIONALIZATION

• This occurs when a child is kept in an
  institution such as motherless babies home or
  hospital (for congenital malformations, surgery)
  for a prolonged period of time.
• Elmer kersey, the first Baptist nurse in
  Ogbomosho established the 1st motherless babies
  home- kerseys childrens home in Nigeria

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CARE OPTIONS FOR MOTHERLESS BABIES

• Institutional care
• Care within the extended family with supervision
• Foster care - kinship or non kinship
• Care within the extended family without
  supervision
• Adoption

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1. Institutional care

• Provides a temporary relief for the family to
  enable them to adjust to the loss of the mother.
• The fathers/family are supposed to provide
  financially for the babies upkeep in the home- on
  a monthly basis.
• However, quite often the child is neglected and
  later abandoned (some believe that the child
  brought bad luck- death of the mother).

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Problems of motherless Babies home

• Psychosomatic ailments among babies due to
  maternal deprivation, these symptoms usually
  disappear when the child is returned to
  individual care or fostering
• High cost of maintenance for each child
• High infant mortality rate 67-150/1000 (National
  rates (85/1000).
• High risk of epidemics
• Risk of abandonment by fathers
• Acute shortage of trained staff
• High risk of mental retardation

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2. Care within the Extended Family

• With supervision- this programme was developed by
  Mrs Solanke.
• It involves trained nurses paying home visits to
  families taking care of motherless babies,
  providing health education, nutritional
  counseling and free medical care at the community
  level.
• Such babies do better and grow well in terms of
  physical, mental and emotional development.

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3. Foster Homecare

• Maybe kinship or non kinship
• In Nigeria kinship is common e.g. taking the
  child of a blood relation and bringing him up.
  This type of child enjoys the same privileges as
  the other children in the family.
• Non kinship fostering- the child is placed in the
  care of an adult who is not in anyway related to
  the child.

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Criteria for Foster Parents

• Must be Nigerian
• Must be Adults 21 yrs
• Single men must not be allowed to foster female
  children.
• Should have a reasonable level of education.
• Must show evidence emotional stability.
• Should be in good physical and mental health.
• The motivation for the foster care must be
  established.

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Adoption

• To adopt means to raise a child of other
  biological parents as if it were your own, in
  accordance with formal legal procedures
• A child will be at least 3mths old before being
  given up for adoption.
• Interim order- the child stays with the adoptive
  parents for 2yrs. The adoptor is investigated.
  During the process the child is advertised to be
  adopted.
• Once adoption is carried out, the adoptee has the
  same legal rights as the children of the adoptors.

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Obstacles to Adoption

• Not all states have adoption laws ( esp north)
• Fostering because of its traditional root is
  generally preferred to adoption.
• Adoption laws are rather restrictive
• Other factors discourage parents from adopting
  children.

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MATERNAL DEPRIVATION SYNDROME(MDS)

• Also known as Non-organic Failure to thrive.
• It is a form of failure to thrive that is
  caused by neglect which can be intentional or
  unintentional.
• Failure to thrive (FTT) is defined as failure to
  gain adequate weight, failure of linear growth
  and failure to achieve some or all developmental
  milestones.

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CAUSES OF MDS

• Poverty
• Child abuse
• Dysfunctional Caregiver interaction
• Parental ignorance about appropriate child care.

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PREDISPOSING FACTORS

• Young age of parents (teenage parents)
• Unwanted pregnancy
• Lower socioeconomic status
• Lower levels of education
• Absence of the father
• Absence of a support network (family, close
  friends, or other support)
• Mental illness, including severe postpartum
  depression.

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FEATURES OF MDS

•  Decreased or absent linear growth ("falling off"
  the growth chart)
• Lack of appropriate hygiene
• Interaction problems between mother and child
• Weight less than the 5th percentile, or an
  inadequate rate of weight gain

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DIAGNOSIS

• History taking from the parent(s)
• Physical Examination of the child
• Anthropometric measurements OFC, MUAC.
• Careful examination of the patients growth
  chart.
• Extensive lab inv. should be delayed until
  dietary mgt has been attempted for at least 1
  week and has failed.

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MGT OF MDS

• It involves a multidisciplinary team approach,
  which includes
• Physicians
• Nutritionist
• Social Workers
• Behavioural Specialist
• Visiting Nurses

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MGT OF MDS

• Helping extended family members recognize that a
  problem exists and recruiting their help will
  provide increased support for the mother and
  child.
• In special cases, the infant may be admitted to
  the hospital where adequate feeding, care can be
  given.
• Emphasis should be given to the psychological
  aspect of the care giver and the child.

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Prevention of MDS

• Addressing the causes and risk factors
  appropriately. e.g.
• Parental classes and support groups for pregnant
  teenagers and young adults should be encouraged
• Early intervention programs specifically designed
  to bring together the necessary resources to
  assist children with FTT.

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CONCLUSION

• Mothers love in infancy and childhood is as
  important for the mental health of a child as are
  vitamins and proteins for physical health
• John Bowlby (1953)

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING