??????? ???????? Qualitative Research

1
??????? ???????? Qualitative Research

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3
??????? ???????? ?? ?????? References -
Cooper, Donald R. and Pamela S. Schinder.
Business research methods. 7th ed. Boston,
McGraw-Hill, 2000- Saunders, Mark, Philip Lews
and Adrain Thornhill. Research methods for
business students. 2nd. ed. Pearson, Harlow
(England), 2000- Zikmund, William G. Business
research methods. 6th. ed. Forth Worth
(Philadelphia), The Dryolen, 2000- Articles from
EBSCO Database concerning Qualitative Research
...
4
?????????? ????????????

• 1. ?????? ??? ?????? (20 ????)
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  ???? ??????? ? ???? ????? 7-10 ?????(10 ????)
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• 4. ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??
  ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ( 20 ????)
• 4. ?????? ????? ?????? (40 ????)

5
?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????

• - ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????
• 1. ???? ????? Quantitative Research
• 2. ???? ???????? Qualitative Research
• - ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????
  ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????

6
??????? ?????? ??????- ????? ??????? ????? ????
??????? ????? ?????? Qualitative Research? ????
??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????
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7
- Qualitative research is interactive face to
face research, which requires relatively
extensive time to systematically observe,
interview and record processes as they occur
naturally. - Data collection strategies
focus on what the phenomenon means to
participants.

• ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??
  ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (???????) ???
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• ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????
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8
- Despite considerable variation among
qualitative studies, their is common
methodological strategies distinguish this style
of inquiry participant observations, in-depth
interviews, and artifact collection (documents).
- Most qualitative studies are exploratory or
explanatory to understand peoples view of their
world

• ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
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The nature of qualitative research -
Qualitative research is concerned with developing
explanations of social phenomena. It aims to help
us to understand the world in which we live and
why things are the way they are. It is concerned
with the social aspects of our world and seeks to
answer questions about1. Why people behave the
way they do?2. How opinions and attitudes are
formed?3. How people are affected by the events
that go on around them?4. How and
why cultures have developed in the way they
have?5. ?What are the differences between
social groups? - Therefore qualitative
research is concerned with finding the answers to
questions which begin with why? how? In what
way?
10
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11
3. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
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5. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????
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13
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14
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?????? Characteristics of Qualitative
Strategies1. Data collection is the use of
multimethod strategies. But a primary method,
such as participant observation or in-depth
interviews, is selected for the study.2.
Foreshadowed problems state the initial focus and
conceptual framework. They guide the field
work but do not limit observations, because
other research foci may develop at the site.3.
Foreshadowed problems are reformulated during
data collection.
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4. Site selection is guided by the criteria
implied in the foreshadowed problems and
concerns of suitability and feasibility. 5. The
participant observation first maps the field to
obtain a sense of the total context and to
ensure purposeful sampling, thereby gaining a
selection of information-rich informants and
social scenes.6. Participant observation is a
prolong field residence that obtains and
corroborates salient observations of different
perspectives recorded as field notes and reflex
records.7. In-depth interviews vary in
format,the kind of questions posed, question
sequence, and interview logistics.
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8. Interview records are field notes, tape
recordings, transcripts, and interview
elaborations.9. Artifact collections are
personal documents, official documents, and
objects, and must be corroborated with other
evidence. 10. Supplementary techniques are used
to verify data collection by participant
observation or in-depth interviews, they may be
visual techniques, nonverbal communication
records, erosion measures, specialized surveys,
and focus groups.
17
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  ??????

18
3. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??
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(??????) ? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????4.
?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????
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19

• 6. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??
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20
8. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????
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21
10. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????
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22
12. ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????
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23
Differences between qualitative
research and quantitative research 1.
Quantitative research is concerned with the
opinions, experiences and feelings of
individuals producing subjective data.2.
Qualitative research describes social phenomena
as they occur naturally. No attempt is made
to manipulate the situation under
study, as is the case with experimental
quantitative research. 3. Understanding of
a situation is gained through an holistic
perspective. Quantitative research
depends on the ability to identify a set of
variables.
24
 4. Data are used to develop concepts and
theories that
help us to understand the social world. This is
an inductive approach to the development of
theory. Quantitative research is deductive in
that it tests theories which have already been
proposed5. Qualitative data are collected
through direct encounters with individuals,
through one to one interviews or group
interviews or by observation. Data collection in
time consuming.6. The intensive and time
consuming nature of data collection necessitates
the use of small samples.
25
7. Different sampling techniques are used. In
quantitative research, sampling
seeks to demonstrate
representativeness of findings through
random selection of subjects.
Qualitative sampling techniques are
concerned with seeking information from
specific groups and subgroups in the
population.8. Criteria used to
assess reliability and validity differ from
those used in quantitative research. 9. A
review of textbooks reveals a variety of terms
used to describe the nature of qualitative, such
as Subjective, Descriptive, Naturalistic, and
Inductive. While quantitative research described
as Objective, Experimental, Contrived, and
Deductive.
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- Each of the various features of qualitative
research may be viewed as a strength or as a
weakness.This depends on the original purpose of
the research. For example, one common criticism
levied at qualitative research is that the
results of a study may not be generalisable to a
larger population, because the sample group was
small, and the subjective were not chosen
randomly. But the original research question may
have sought insight into a specific subgroup of
the population, not the general population
because the subgroup is special or different
from the general population and that specialness
is the focus of the research. The small sample
may have been necessary because very few subjects
were available such as is the case with some
ethnic groups or groups suffering from a rare
condition. In such studies, generalisibility of
the findings to a wider, more diverse population
is not an aim.
27
??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???
?????????

• ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????
  ????????? (modes of inquiry)? ???
• ????????? ????????? Interactive Inquiry
• ????????? ??? ????????? Noninteractive Inquiry
• Interactive qualitative inquiry is an in-depth
  study using face-to-face technique to collect
  data from people in their natural settings. The
  researcher interprets phenomena in terms of the
  meanings people bring to them.

28
Interactive researchers describe the context of
the study, illustrate different perspectives of
phenomena, and continually revise questions from
their experience in the field.- The most common
interactive modes of inquiry are 1.
Phenomenology 2. Ethnography 3. Case studies
- These inquiry modes can be organized bya. A
focus on individual lived experience as seen in
phenomenology, case study, grounded theory, and
some critical studiesb. A focus on society and
culture as defined by ethnography and some
critical studies.
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Noninteractive Inquiry Noninteractive modes of
inquiry termed analytical research,
investigate historical concepts and events
through an analysis of documents.
The researcher identifies, studies, and then
synthesizes the data to provide an
understanding of the concepts or a past events
that may or may not have been directly
observable. Authenticated documents
are the major source of data.
30
???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? Major
Aspects of Qualitative Research Design1.
Qualitative researchers study participants
perspectives - feeling, thoughts, beliefs, ideals
and actions in natural situations.

• 1- ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????
  ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????
  ???? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????
  ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????

31
2. Qualitative research use interactive
strategies to collect data for exploratory,
explanatory, or emancipatory studies3.
Qualitative researchers employ an emergent design

• 2. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??
  ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????
  ?? ??????? ?? ??????
• 3. ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? (????)
  ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????

32
4. A case study design focuses on one phenomenon
to understand in depth, regardless of the number
of persons or sites in the study.5. Case studies
are significant for theory practice, policy, and
social action development.

• 4. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???
  ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???
  ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????
• 5. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????
  ???????? ?????????? ??????????

33
6. Purposeful sampling is selecting small samples
of information-rich cases to study in depth
without desiring to generalize to all such
cases.7. Types of purposeful sampling include
site selection, comprehensive sampling, maximum
variation sampling, network or Snowball sampling,
and sampling by case type.

• 6. ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????
  ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??
  ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????7. ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????
  ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?
  ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ??? ?????? (???? ??????? ??????)

34
8. Sample size depends on the purpose of the
study, the data collection strategies, and the
availability of information-rich cases.9. Data
collection and analysis are interactive and occur
in overlapping cycles.

• 8. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???
  ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ????
  ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
  (????? ????? ?????????)
• 9. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
  ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???
  ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????

35
10. The use of research strategies rather than
procedures allows for flexibility to study and
corroborate each new idea as it occurs in data
collection. 11. The phase of qualitative
research are planning, beginning data collection,
basic data collection, closing data collection,
and formal data analysis.

• 10. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????
  ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
  ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????
  ?????? ????? ??? ?????????
• 11. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
  ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???
  ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????

36
12. Validity of qualitative designs is the degree
to which the interpretations and concepts have
mutual meanings between the participants and
research 13. Qualitative researchers enhance
validity by making explicit all aspects of their
designs.

• 12. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???
  ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???
  ?????? ?????????? ?????????
• 13. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????
  ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????

37
14. Data collection strategies to increase
validity are a combination of the following
strategies a. Prolonged field work b.
Multimethod c. Verbatim accounts d.
Low-inference descriptorse. Multiple researchers
f. Mechanically recorded datag. Participant
researcher h. Member checkingi. Participant
review j. Negative case reporting

• 14. ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????
  ?? ????????????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ??
  ????? ???????? ?. ????? ??????? ?? ???
  ?????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?.
  ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ???
  (???????) ?. ????? ???????? ???? ????????
  ????. ???? ????? (?????? ??????) ?. ?????
  ?? ??????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ?.
  ?????? ?? ??????? ???????

38
15. Qualitative researchers employ interpersonal
subjectivity to collect data and reflex
strategies to enhance the study16. Qualitative
studies aim at extension of findings rather than
generalization of results. Generallizability is
usually not the intent of the study

• 15. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????
  ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????
• 16. ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??
  ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????

39
17. Design components that enhance the extension
of findings are specification of the researcher
role, information selection, the social context,
data collection and analysis strategies.
Authentic narrative, typicality, analytical
premises, and alternative explanations18. Field
researchers often employ dialogue and reciprocity
while following ethical and legal principles with
participants

• 17. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????
  ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????
  ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????
  ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (???
  ?????????)? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
  ???????
• 18. ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????
  ?????????? (????? ????? ??????) ? ????? ??
  ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????

40
Qualitative Research Methods
1. Phenomenology - Phenomenology
literally means the study of phenomena. It is a
way of describing something that exists as part
of the world in which we live. - Phenomena
may be events, situations, experiences or
concepts. We are surrounded by many phenomena,
which we are aware of but not fully understand.

• 1. ???? ??? ??????? ????????
• - ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??. ????? ?????
  ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????
  ???? ???. ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??
  ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
  ??????.

41
- Our lack of understanding of these phenomena
may exist because the phenomena has not been
overly described and explained or our
understanding of the impact it makes may be
unclear. - For example, we know that lots of
people are carers. But what does caring
actually mean and what is it like to be a carer?

• ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
  ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.
• - ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??
  ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???
  ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????????

42
- Phenomenological research begins with the
acknowledgement that there is a gap in our
understanding and that clarification or
illumination will be benefit. -
Phenomenological research will not necessarily
provide definitive explanations but it does raise
awareness and increases insight.

• ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????
  ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????
  ?? ?????.
• - ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????
  ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????

43
2. Ethnography- Ethnography has a
background in anthropology.- The term means
portrait of a people and it is a methodology
for descriptive studies of cultures and peoples.
- The cultural parameter is that the people
under investigation have something in common.

• 2. ???????????? ?? ????? ???????
• ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????
• - ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???
  ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????
  ????????
• - ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???
  ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????

44
Examples of parameters include1. geographical
a particular region or country2. religious3.
tribal4. shared experiences

• - ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????
• 1. ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ??????? ??????
• 2. ????????
• 3. ???????
• 4. ??????? ????????

45
- Ethnographic studies entail extensive
fieldwork by the researcher. Data collection
techniques include both formal and informal
interviewing, often interviewing individuals on
several occasions, and participant observation.
Because of this, ethnography is extremely time
consuming as it involves the researcher spending
long periods of time in the field. - Analysis
of data adopts an emic approach. This means
that the researcher attempts to interpret data
from the perspective of the population under
study.

• ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????.
  ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????
  ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????
  ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????
  ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ????????
  ???????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??
  ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? (?????)
• - ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????
  ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??
  ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????

46
The results are expressed as though they were
being expressed by the subjects themselves, often
using local language and terminology to describe
phenomena. For example, a researcher may explore
behavior which we traditionally in the
westernized medical world would describe as
mental illness. However, within the population
under study, the behavior may not be
characterized as illness but as something else
as evidence that the individual is blessed or
gifted in some way.

• - ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????
  ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???
  ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????
  ???? ??? ??????? ????????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????
  ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
  ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??
  ??? ???- ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??
  ???? ?? ????

47
- Ethnographic research can be problematic when
researchers are not sufficiently familiar with
the social mores of the people being studied or
with their language. - Interpretation from an
etic perspective an outsider perspective
may be misinterpretation causing confusion.- For
this reason, the ethnographic researcher usually
returns to the field to check his interpretation
with informants thereby validating the data
before presenting the findings.

• - ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????
  ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? (?????) ?????
  ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??
  ??????
• ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????
  ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????
• - ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????
  ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???
  ???????? ??? ????? ???????

48
3.case study (will
be discussed in a separate unit) - Some writers
refer to other methods, such as action research,
critical research or study, grounded research or
theory
49
?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????

• ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
  ??????Techniques to Collect Data1. Types
  Quantitative Research Qualitative research
  - Structured Observations Participant
  Observations - Standardized Interviews Field
  Observations - Paper ad Pencil Tests
  In-depth Interviews - Questionnaires
  Documents and Artifacts2.
  Characteristics - Instruments Used in Data
  Data collected without
  collection
  instruments - Data appears as numbers Data
  appears as words - A prior decision in data
  Not Depends on data
  presentation collected

50
- Data take one form- Data may take many
forms response as
determined field notes, documents, by
instrument interview notes,
tapes,

recordings, artifacts- Data are tabulated and
Tabulation limited todescribed statistically
help identify patterns,
used to
support
qualitative meanings-
Meaning is derive from Meaning is derived
fromstatistical procedures qualitative
strategiesemployed
employed
51
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? -
????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??
????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????
??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ???
??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.- ?????
???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???. ??????
?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???
???? ?? ???? ?? ???????.?. ???????? ????????.?.
???????? ?????????? ?. ????? ??????? ??????? ???
???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????
??????? ????? ????????.
52
- ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????
??????- ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???
????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????
???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????- ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????
??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????
???????? - ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????- ??? ???
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????
????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???
????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????
53
????? ?????? ???????? Purposeful Sampling - ??
????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????
?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (??????? ??
???????) - ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??
??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? Probabilistic
Sampling ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??
????????. - ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???
?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????
?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????
????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. - ???
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????
???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??
?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????.
??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????
????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????
?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????.
54
?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
(????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ...) ???????. ????
?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????
??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??????
??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????
????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ??
??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ??
???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????- ?????? ??????
Site Selection? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????
??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????
??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???
?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
??????? ????? ?????.???? ??? ??? ???? ?????
????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??
????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????
55
????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????
??????1. ?????? ??????? Comprehensive Sample
????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
????? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ????? ??
?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????
???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????2.
?????? ????? ??????? Maximum Variation
Sample??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????
??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ????
????????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????
??????? ???????? Extreme cases
56
3. ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? Network or
Snowball??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????
??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????
????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????
????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ????? ?????? ???4. ???? ??????? ??????
Sampling by Type?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ????
?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????
???? ?????? ?? ????? 5. ???? ??????? ?????????
Typical case ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????
????? ???? ?? ??? ???????
57
6. ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????
Unique cases ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ??
???? ??????? ???????? Ideal case7. ??????? ???
?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???
?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??
??????? ?? ???
58
??? ??????- ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????
???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????? ???????- ????? ???????
?? ?? ???? ?? (40) ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
??? ????? ??? (?? ?????) ??????? ??????????
???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????
??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????
59
?????? ????????? ???????? Observation- ??
???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??
???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????
???? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????
?????? ???????? ?? ????????2. ????? ???????
???????? ????????? ?????????/?????? ???????3.
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????4. ?????
???????? ???????? ?????????5. ????? ??????
???????? ???????? ????????6. ????? ?????????
???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????
60
?????? ?????????1. ????????? ???? ?????? ??
????? ???????2. ???? ????? ???????3. ???? ????
????? ?? ???? ??? ?????4. ???? ?????? ???????
??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? 1.
?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????
?????2. ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????
????????3. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????
?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
??????4. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??
?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????
61
?????? ?????????? ????????? Interview?????????
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????
???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????
?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????
????????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???
??????? ??????? (?? ???????) ???????? ??????2.
???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????3. ???????
?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????
????????- ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????
????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????
?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????
???????? ...
62
????? ?????? ?????????1. ????? ?????
????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????2.
??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???????
???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????.
????? ?????? ???????3. ????? ????????. ?????
???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????
????????? ??????? ?????? ???????4. ?????
???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????
(??????? ?????? ?????)? ???? ????? ??????? ??
???? ??? ????????? ???????
63
????? ????????1. ??????? ????? ?????? ???
????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????2.
??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????3.
????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????4.
????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??
??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????
??????? ?????????1. ????? ?? ????? ?????
??????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????
??????? ...2. ???????? ????? ?? ?????
?????????3. ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
????????? ????????4. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
????????? ???????5. ????? ?????? ??? ???
???????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????
?????????? ????????? ?????????
64
?????? ???????? Documents- ?? ????? ?????? ???
??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????
?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????
????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????
????????? ... ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??
????????? - ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????
?? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???
??????? ???????? - ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
???? ?? ??? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??
????????- ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????
review of the literature ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????
??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ???????
???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
65
??????? ??????? (Primary Sources) - ?? ?????
???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????
???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????
??? ????????? ??????... ??? ????? ???? ?????????
???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????.1. ????? ????????
(Biographies)? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????
??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????
????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????????
(Diaries) ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.
66
2. ??????? ??????? ??????? (Documents). ???? ????
??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????.3. ???????
????????? (Archives) ???????? ?? ??? ?????
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????
???????? ... 4. ???????? ??????? (Annual
Reports) ???????? ?????? ( ????? ?? ????? )
??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ( ????? ?? ????? ??
????? ) ??????? ?????(???????? ?? ????? ??
??????? ?? ??????...???
67
5. ????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????
????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????
?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. 6 .
????????? (Manuscripts). ???? ??? ????? ???????
??????? ???????.7. ????? ?????? ???????? ???????
????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????
?????? ????????? (???????? ??????? ??? ) ?? ????
??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????
???????? ??????? .8. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???
?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????
????????????.
68
??????? ???????? (Secondary Sources)- ?????
???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??
??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??
?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????
?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. - ???? ???
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??
??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??
?????? ?? ?????
69
1- ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????
?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????
???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???
(????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????).2- ???????? ?????
?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????
????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???
?????????.3- ???????? ??????? ??? ????????
?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????. 4-
??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????
????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
?????.5- ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????
??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????...
70
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????-
??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???
????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??
?????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????
????????? 1. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
??? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??
??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????
???????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??
?????? 2. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????
???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???
??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???
???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????
71
?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????

• ????? ????? ?????- ???? ????? ?????? ??????
  ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ???????? ??????- ???????, ???? ????
  ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??
  ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??
  ????? ????????- ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
  ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????
  !- ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ???
  ??? ???????

72
- ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???
??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ????
?? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???
????? ?????? ????? ??? - ???? ???? ?? ???? ???
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????
??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ??
???? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????????
??????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???????
???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????-
????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
???????? ??? ???????
73
??? ?????? ??????? (???????? ?????? ?????)1.
?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
?????2. ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????
??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? 3. ??
????? ????????? ??????? (??? ?????????) ??
???????4. ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??
??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????5. ?? ???? ???????
??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????6. ?? ????
????? ????? (??? ????????) ?? ???? ?? ???7. ??
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??
???????? ?????
74
?????? ????????- ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????
????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????.
??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ... ????? ??
?????? ???? ????. ???? ???- ?????? ???????? ??
????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??
????? ?????- ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????
????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
?????!- ?????? ?????? (??????) ?? ??? ???????
?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??????- ???????
?????? ?????? (?? ??????? ?? ...) ?? ??? ???????
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
????????
75
????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????Independent
Variable ???? ??????? ?????? ???? Dependent
variable? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????
??? - ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????
??? ????? ???????? ???? - ???? ????? ??? ??????
????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????
????? ?????? - ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????
????? ?????? ??????? (?? ??????? ??????) ????
????? ?????? ????? ????????- ??????? ?????? (???
????? ????????/ ?????? ????? ???? ????????) ????
????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???
????? ????? (???? ?????/ ???? ????? ??????) ??
???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. - ??????? ??? ??
???? ????? (???? ????? ???????) ?? ?? ???? ?????
(???? ????? ?????)? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????
??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????
76
????? ???????? ??????1. ????????? ?? ?? ????
?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? 2. ??
???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??
???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????3. ???? ????? ????
??????? ???????? ????????4. ??????? ?????
??????? ????????? ?? ?????????5. ????? ????
??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????6.
????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????7. ?? ????
????? ??????? ????????8. ???? ?????? ?? ???????
??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????9. ??
???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????
????? ??????10. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???
??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??
????? ?????????
77
???? ??????? ?? ?????- ??????? ????? ??????
?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ????
?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????
???????? ?????????? ???? ???????- ??????? ?????
?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????
???? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????
????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
?????- ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????
???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????
?????- ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??
???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? (???
??? ?????)
78
???? ?? ????? ??????

• ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????
  (?????)????????? 1. ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???
  ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ...
• 2. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ?? ???????
• ????? ?? ??? ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ????????)?
  ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????
  ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ???
• 1. ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??
  ???????? ??????????
  ?????????
  ?????? ?????????...2. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??
  ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
  ????3. ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????
  ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????
  ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????
  ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????
  ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????

79
4. ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????
??????? (????????) ???? ??????? (??? ????????)
?????????5. ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????
?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??
??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????
??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???
???? 6. ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???
??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???????
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