Sentence Structure

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Sentence Structure

• Sentence Types

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Sentence Structure

• Sentence Types

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Sentence Types

• Simple
• Compound
• Complex

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Basic Elementsof Every Sentence
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
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Basic Elements
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
Mary
plays tennis.
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SIMPLE SENTENCE
PREDICATE
SUBJECT
plays tennis.
Mary
one subject one predicate
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Simple Sentence
play tennis.
Tom and Mary
Compound Subject

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Simple Sentence
Tom and Mary
play tennis and swim.
Compound Subject Compound Predicate


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SIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject
Tom and Mary play tennis.
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SIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject
andcompound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
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Hi, Im Punctuation Pete!
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SIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject
andcompound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
No comma before and in compound
subjects and predicates!
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Compound Sentence withCoordinating Conjunctions
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
and
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
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Compound Sentence
Tom
swims,
and
Mary
plays tennis.
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COMPOUND SENTENCECOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR AND NOR BUT OR YET SO
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COMPOUND SENTENCECOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Clause 1
Clause 2 Independent
Independent
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COMPOUND SENTENCECOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Comma before and in compound
sentences!
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COMPOUND SENTENCECONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
MOREOVER HOWEVER OTHERWISE THEREFORE
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COMPOUND SENTENCECONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome moreover, he is rich.
Clause 1
Clause 2 Independent
Independent
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COMPOUND SENTENCECONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome moreover, he is rich.
Note Semicolon before conjunctive adverb
and comma after conjunctive adverb!
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Conjunctive Adverbs float

• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called
  floating adverbs because they can be positioned
  at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of
  a clause.

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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBAT THE BEGINNING
Bob is handsome moreover, he is rich.
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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBIN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome he is, moreover, rich.
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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBIN THE MIDDLE
Bob is handsome he is, moreover, rich.
Note Place commas before and after a
conjunctive adverb in the middle!
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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBAT THE END
Bob is handsome he is rich, moreover.
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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBAT THE END
Bob is handsome he is rich, moreover.
Note Place a comma before a
conjunctive adverb at the end!
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Semicolons

• If the relation between the ideas expressed in
  the main clauses is very close and obvious
  without a conjunction, you can separate the
  clauses with a semicolon (Little, Brown
  Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).

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COMPOUND SENTENCESEMICOLON
Matt has benefited from his exercise program he
is slim and energetic.
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Complex Sentence
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
even though
SUBJECT
PREDICATE
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Complex Sentence
Bob
is popular
even though
he
is ugly.
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COMPLEX SENTENCESUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
EVEN THOUGH WHEN BECAUSE UNLESS WHEREAS
ADVERB CLAUSES
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COMPLEX SENTENCESUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
Clause 1
Clause 2 Independent
Dependent
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COMPLEX SENTENCESUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
Clause 1
Clause 2 Dependent
Independent
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COMPLEX SENTENCESUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
When the MAIN clause is first, it is
usually NOT followed by a comma!
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COMPLEX SENTENCESUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
When the ADVERB clause is first, it is
followed by a comma!
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Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike
is popular
because
he
is good looking,
but
he
is not very happy.
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COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCECOMBINES BOTH TYPES
Mike is popular because he is good looking, but
he is not very happy.
Punctuate each clause according to its
rules!
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Punctuation Review!
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SIMPLE SENTENCE
My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every
weekend.
No commas before and in compound
subjects and predicates!
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COMPOUND SENTENCE Coordinating Conjunction
Men may exercise harder, but they may not
exercise as regularly as women do.
Comma before coordinating conjunction!
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COMPOUND SENTENCE Conjunctive Adverb
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs however, some schools fail to
distinguish between these groups.
Semicolon before conjunctive
adverb Comma after conjunctive adverb!
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COMPOUND SENTENCE Conjunctive Adverb--in the
middle
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs some schools, however, fail to
distinguish between these groups.
Semicolon after first independent
clause-- Commas before and after
conjunctive adverb!
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COMPOUND SENTENCE Conjunctive Adverb at the end
Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs some schools fail to distinguish
between these groups, however.
Semicolon after first independent
clause-- Comma before conjunctive adverb!
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COMPLEX SENTENCE Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
People had continuous moderate exercise when
they had to hunt for food.
When main clause is first, it is not
usually followed by a comma!
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COMPLEX SENTENCE Adverb Clauses--Subordinating
Conjunction
When people had to hunt for food, they had
continuous moderate exercise.
When the adverb clause is first, it is
followed by a comma!
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References
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by
Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains
Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999. The Little, Brown
Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron,
Pearson, 2004.