Labor Strife in the Post WWI Era Seattle General Strike

1
Labor Strife in the Post WWI Era Seattle General
Strike
2
Seattle General Strike of 1919

• 25,500 shipyard workers began a strike in
  Seattle.
• Metal Trades Council was seeking to maintain 1
  an hour for its skilled workers.
• Feb. 6, 1919, most union men and women walked off
  their jobs.
• Seattle mayor Ole Hanson used troops to crush the
  strike and became a national hero except among
  union workers.

3
Labor Unrest after WWI

• Other major strikes occurred in the Steel and
  Coal industries.
• Boston Police Strike caused upheaval in
  Massachusetts until Governor Calvin Coolidge
  called in the National Guard fame gained him
  Vice-Presidential nomination in 1920.

4
Boston Police Strike

• September 1919 Boston Police wanted higher pay.
  The Commissioner fired 19 men for trying to
  organize a union.
• When strike began riots broke out, citizens were
  afraid because they had no protection.
• Governor Coolidge said the strike was a threat to
  public safety and broke it up by sending in the
  National Guard.

5
Governor Calvin
Coolidge of Massachusetts
6
Red Scare

• The Russian government was overthrown in 1917 by
  Lenin and the Bolsheviks or Reds.
• Americans feared the spread of communist ideas to
  America by immigrants.
• terrorists incidents increased their anxiety
  these attacks included bombings.

7
Red Scare

• One bomb exploded in New York City and killed 38
  people and injured 100.
• Attorney General Palmer seized more than 6000
  people and deported about 550.
• None of these investigations uncovered a plot to
  overthrow the government.

8
Literary Digest, 7/5/19.
political cartoon on
Red Scare
http//newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/HTM
LCODE/CHRON/RS017.HTM
9
Attorney General Palmer
10
Immigration Restriction

• Immigration Act of 1921
• 3 quota for each nationality
• 1910 census used as the base
• National Origins Act of 1924
• 2 quota created tighter limits
• 1890 census used as the base to limit numbers of
  new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

11
Immigrant family at Ellis Island
12
National Origin Acts, 1924, 1929

• Acts established by Congress that put severe
  limits on new immigration.
• Limited of immigrants to 150,000 per year by
  1929.
• Favored immigrants from Great Britain attempt to
  preserved demographic status quo by limiting
  undesirable groups.
• Foreign born went from 13 to 4.7 in 50 years.

13
Margaret Sanger
http//www.ms.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sanger/index
.html
14
Margaret Sanger

• Younger generation of the 1920s was more open
  about sex.
• Contraception question for poor married women.
  (few had knowledge of or access to birth
  control).
• Concerned about impoverished women and number of
  children they had.

15
Margaret Sanger

• Published pamphlets about birth control to inform
  women.
• By distributing these she disobeyed the Comstock
  Act of 1873.
• Constantly in trouble with the law.
• 1921- founded American Birth Control League.

16
Margaret Sanger

• 1923- founded a research center.
• By 1930s her works were no longer considered as
  radical.
• Not until the 1960s did the Supreme Court issue
  a ruling citing the right to privacy as a
  Constitutional foundation for allowing the use of
  contraceptives.

17
The League of Women Voters
http//pppl.tblc.lib .fl.us/league/ ABOUT.HTML
18
League of Women Voters

• founded in 1920 at Chicago convention of the
  National American Women Suffrage Association at
  the time of the ratification of the 19th
  Amendment granting women the right to vote.
• Winning the vote is only an opening wedge...but
  to learn to use it is a bigger task. Carrie
  Chapman Catt, Founder of the League of Women
  Voters.

19
League of Women Voters

• League members began attending and observing
  city council, county commission, and school board
  meetings on a regular basis.
• League eventually established local chapters in
  all 50 states with tens of thousands of members

http//www.lwv.org/feats.html
20
Alice Paul, Womens Rights Leader
http//lonestar.texas.net/efdietz/stamps/apaul.ht
m
21
Alice Paul

• Ph.D. from U Penn in social work
• One of the first American leaders of the equal
  rights movement for women.
• dynamic, fanatical, and militant person.
• 1913 founded National Womens Party.

22
Alice Paul

• campaigned for equal rights amendment
• the Partys goalsdisarmament, an end to child
  labor, and liberalized birth control laws.
• supported protective legislation governing the
  hours and working conditions of women.

23
Alice Paul

• Main goal full social equality.
• 1938 Alice submitted first version of Equal
  Rights Amendment to Congress.
• mother of the amendment.
• 1938 founded World Womens Party.

World Book Encyclopedia and Academic American
Encyclopedia
24
Roaring 20s, Jazz Age

• Power Point Project by Mr. Houstons American
  History Students to be used for test preparation
  at Harwich High School.
• Sources include websites, Groliers Multimedia
  Encyclopaedia, University of Virginia election
  maps, and other sources cited in the slides.
• http//www.harwich.edu/depts/history/
  pp/20s/index.htm

25
D.W Griffith

• D.W Griffith is considered the most important
  innovator in motion picture history.
• Under his direction the camera was no longer
  operated from a fixed position, but was moved
  freely and was used from varying angles, and
  different distances from the action.

Comptons Encyclopaedia
26
D.W Griffith

• He was the first to use film editing, and
  cross-cutting between separate scenes.
• Griffith is also famous for his close-up shot,
  and his long, panning, and sweeping shots led
  technical and artistic movement in film.
• Griffiths greatest film is The Birth of a
  Nation (1915)

27
The Birth of a Nation

• Produced in 1915, The Birth of a Nation was
  Griffiths most famous film.
• Based on Thomas Dixon Jr.s anti-black play, The
  Clansman.
• It was a controversial, explicitly racist,
  landmark American film.
• The play is still used today as a recruitment
  piece for Klan membership.

28
The Birth of a Nation
http//www. filmsite.org/birt. html
29
D.W Griffith

• In his early years he was actually ashamed of
  being a movie producer because he wanted to be a
  playwright.
• He angered black and white liberals with his
  controversial theme in Birth of a Nation.
• Along with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and
  Charlie Chaplin he founded United Artists, but
  sold his share in 1933.

30
The end of Griffiths career

• In the end Griffith didnt have enough money to
  run large motion pictures. His business then
  became unsuccessful.
• Griffith gave our motion picture industry a whole
  new perspective.
• Without his expertise we would not have films and
  movies like we do today.

31
Charlie Chaplin

• British born (1889-1977).
• Silent Film Star, Comic Genius, Producer.
• Elevated Silent Film to Art Form in 1920s.
• Poked fun at High Society, yet films had a
  universal appeal to both rich and poor.
• Lived in poverty in England developed Tramp
  character in pictures.

Colliers Encyclopedia America in 20th cent.
32
Charlie Chaplin

• http//us.imdb.com/Title?ModernTimes(1936)

33
Charlie Chaplin
http//us.imdb.com/Title? GreatDictator,The(194
0)
34
Charlie Chaplin
http//www.silent-movies .com/Gents/ChaplinC Chapl
in07.jpg
35
The Jazz Singer

• Warner Bros. Production of 1927
• Stared Al Jolson
• based on Sampson Raphaelson's 1922 short story,
  "The Day of Atonement.
• Link to video clip

http//www.jolson.org/
36
(No Transcript)
37
The Jazz Singer

• The film, a tale of popular music and of
  intergenerational conflict among Jewish
  immigrants, was one of the earliest to use
  synchronous sound (via the Vitaphone system).
• www.cwrl.utexas.edu/nick/e309/texts/jazzsinger/ja
  zzsinger/html

38
The Jazz Singer

• only a few scenes with recorded dialogue.
• musical score including sources such as
  Tchaikovsky, traditional Hebrew music and popular
  ballads.
• www.filmsite.org/jazz.html

39
Babe Ruth and the Rise of Professional Sports in
the 1920s
http//www.baberuth.com/
40
Babe Ruth

• The greatest player of all-time and an American
  legend Ruth was one of the first five players
  inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1936.
• Symbol of the Rise of Professional Sports and
  Mass Entertainment

41
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/lindbergh/
Charles Lindbergh
42
CHARLES LINDBERGH

• Made the first solo nonstop flight over Atlantic
  May 20-21, 1927.
• this gained him immediate international fame
  Lucky Lindy and Lone Eagle were his
  nicknames.
• 25,000 dollars was offered to whoever did it
  first.

43
Henry Fords Model T leads the US into the Age of
the Automobile
44
Henry Ford

• Ford Motor Corp. incorporated in 1903 Model T
  introduced in 1908.
• 1913, introduction of moving assembly line.
• 1918, half the cars in America were Model Ts.
• The assembly line reduced the time of production
  per vehicle also reduced the cost.

45
http//www.hfmgv.org/histories/hf/henry.html
46
Henry Ford

• Ford Motor Company became the largest
  manufacturer in the world.
• By 1927 more than 15 million Model Ts had been
  sold.
• GM Corporation eventually took the lead in auto
  sales.

47
Frederick Winslow Taylor

• 1856-1915
• Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania.
• American engineer and efficiency expert.
• Laborer at Midvale Steel Works.

48
Frederick Winslow Taylor

• He organized and systemized factory work.
• Best known part of his system is the time and
  motion study.
• Published scientific management in 1911 and the
  entire efficiency movement was often called
  Taylorism.

49
Armory Show of Modern Art in New York, 1913,
sample of work by Robert Henri, an organizer
50
Armory Show, 1913

• Photo of Main Gallery
• http//etext.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/decades/
  190508.jpg
• 1600 works in 69th Regiment Armory, NY
• Controversy over Nude Descending a Staircase by
  Marcel Duchamps
• Promoted Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Abstract Art,
  and Ash Can School

51
Scopes Trial

• 1925 Dayton, Tennessee.
• John T. Scopes- high school biology teacher.
• taught Darwinian evolution accused of violating
  Butler Act.

52
Butler Act

• Did not allow teaching the theory of evolution in
  public schools.
• Evolution did not correspond with the teachings
  of the Bible and therefore was forbidden.
• William Jennings Bryan supported the prosecutors.

53
Monkey Trial

• Scopes trial referred to as Monkey Trial.
• Called Monkey Trial because common descriptions
  said evolution proved humans descended from
  apes.

54
http//www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/s
copes/scopes.htm
Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan
55
Clarence Darrow

• criminal lawyer was on the defense.
• said scientifically the theory of evolution was
  valid.
• felt Butler Act was unconstitutional.
• did not deny that Scopes violated the Act
  grilling of Bryan on the stand raised questions
  about the prosecution.

56
Scopes Trial

• Scopes found guilty.
• fined 100.
• In 1967 Butler Act was eliminated.
• Evolution now taught in most high school biology
  classes. Supreme Court placed limits on teaching
  of creationism.

57
Destroying bootleg alcohol during Prohibition
58
Al Capone, dominant gangster during Prohibition
59
Ku Klux Klan revived in the 1920s
60
Ku Klux Klan

• Original goal of ending Radical Republican
  Reconstruction in 1860s.
• Whites formed secret terror organizations faded
  out in late 1800s.
• Revived KKK in 1920s targeted immigrants,
  Catholics, and Jews as well as African-Americans
  1923 Klan had 4 million members.

61
Ku Klux Klan

• KKK became political force in Texas, Oregon,
  Georgia, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Indiana.
• Race Riots and Lynchings expanded in the 1920s as
  well.
• KKK decline began in late 1920s because of
  financial scandals.

62
Sacco and Vanzetti
63
Sacco and Vanzetti

• Accused of murder in S. Braintree.
• Tried and found guilty, sentenced to execution.
• Many protesters for them and against them.
  Questions raised about fairness of trial because
  of their radical beliefs.
• Finally executed in 1927. Later their names were
  cleared by Governor Michael Dukakis.

64
SaccoVanzetti Protest
65
The Lost Generation

• Literary Movement of 1920s term coined by
  Gertrude Stein
• referred to American literary expatriates and the
  disillusioned, alienated literature of 1920s
• http//www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/stein/

66
Ernest Hemmingway

• Born July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois
• Famous novelist
• He was wounded in Europe during WWI
• The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms, Old
  Man and the Sea

http//www.lostgeneration.com/hembio.html
67
William Faulkner

• William Faulkner was a famous American writer of
  the 1920s and 1930s won Pulitzer and Nobel
  Prizes
• Born in Albany, Mississippi in 1897 and most of
  his novels focus on realistic portrayal of rural
  South. The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying

http//www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/ egjbp/faulkner/faulk
ner.html
68
Sinclair Lewis
http//www.ilstu. edu/separry/lewisbio.html
69
Sinclair Lewis

• American Novelist born in 1885
• His work in the 1920s contributed to a new
  honesty in the treatment of American life.
• In 1930 won the Nobel Prize for literature.
• Elmer Gantry (1927), Main Street (1920), Babbit
  (1922)
• All portrayed realistic scenes of everyday
  American life

70
F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of The Great
Gatsby, symbol of the age.
http//www.ci.rockville.md.us/fitzgerald/fsfmain.h
tm
71
Harlem Renaissance

• 1920-Black Literature began to flourish in
  Harlem, NYC.
• Movement became known as Harlem Renaissance.
• Major writers Sterling A. Brown, Countee Cullen,
  Jessie Redmon Fauset, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale
  Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke,
  Claude McKay, and Jean Toomer.

72
Harlem Renaissance

• Black writers flourished in Harlem.
• Short stories, sketches, poetry, and plays.
• Satirists, Realist Fiction, and Drama.
• Residential overcrowding increased in Harlem.
• Caused a vicious circle of unemployment and
  residential mobility.

73
Langston Hughes
http//www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/langhu/langhutg.h
tml
Langston Hughes, a primary voice of the Harlem
Renaissance in the 1920's, was known as "The Poet
Laureate of Harlem"
74
Harlem Renaissance Poet,
Langston Hughes
75
Zora Neale Hurston
African-American Novelist. Most Famous
Book Their Eyes Were Watching God.
76
Marcus Garvey
http//www .jamweb .com/marcus .htm
77
Marcus Garvey

• Born in Jamaica, 1887
• Black leader who started a Back to Africa
  movement in the US in 1916.
• Believed blacks would never get justice in
  countries with mostly whites.
• Preached that blacks should consider Africa their
  homeland.

78
Marcus Garvey
http//www.boomshaka.com/garvey.html
79
Marcus Garvey

• Supporters sent him thousands of dollars, with
  this money he used to set up all black
  businesses.
• In 1925 he was convicted of mail fraud in
  connection with his sale of stock.
• In 1927 he was released from prison and returned
  to Jamaica.

80
The Battle Hymn of Africa, 1927

• Africa's sun is shining above the horizon clear,
  The day for us is rising, for black men far and
  near Our God is in the front line, the heav'nly
  batallion leads, Onward, make your banners shine,
  ye men of noble deeds. There's a flag we love so
  well- The red, the black and green, Greatest
  emblem tongues can tell, The brightest ever
  seen.
• Marcus Garvey

http//www.boomshaka.com/garvey/battle.html
81
Early Jazz

• Jazz signifies a tradition of African-American
  music that began as a folk music.
• Sources work chants, spirituals, and folk music
  of black Americans.
• The earliest jazz musicians also drew upon
  marches, opera arias, popular songs, ragtime, and
  blues.

82
Buddy Bolden

• First improvising jazz musician was Buddy Bolden
• Played for dancers
• Marched in parades
• Three major jazz centers New Orleans, Chicago,
  and New York City

83
Buddy Bolden Band
http//www.redhotjazz.com/buddyinfo.html
84
Jazz Band Members

• 1 or 2 coronet players
• clarinetist
• trombonist
• rhythm section
• piano, banjo, string bass or tuba, and drums
• horns

85
Famous Jazz Musicians

• Johnny Dodds, clarinetist.
• Sidney Bechet, clarinetist-soprano saxophonist,
  worked with Ellington.
• King Oliver, coronetist.
• Louis Armstrong, great horn/trumpet player.

86
Jelly Roll Mortons, Muddy Water Blues
http//www.redhotjazz.com/jellyroll.html
87
Johnny Dodds Blue Piano Stomp
http//www.redhotjazz.com/jdodds.html
88
King Oliver, coronetist
http//www.redhotjazz.com/kingo.html
89
http//www.enmu.edu/daym/mus103/louis_a.htm
90
Louis Armstrong
http//www.redhotjazz.com/louie.html
91
Jazz Roots

• The first jazz record was made in 1917 by the
  Original Dixieland Jass Band.
• Big band jazz was first played in ballrooms and
  in theaters of New York.
• Big band jazz was smoother, with lighter rhythms,
  but no less exciting than Dixieland.

92
Duke Ellington
http//topaz.kenyon.edu/ projects/neh/music/duke /
duke.htm
93
The HellFighters

• After WWI, Victory Records signed black veterans
  of military band.
• Came home from the War with their own songs.
• Became popular in France.

94
President Warren G. Harding, 1921-23Return to
Normalcy
95
WARREN G. HARDING

• "America's present need is not heroics, but
  healing not nostrums, but normalcy not
  revolution, but restoration not agitation, but
  adjustment not surgery, but serenity not the
  dramatic, but the dispassionate not experiment,
  but equipoise not submergence in
  internationality, but sustainment in triumphant
  nationality...."

96

97
Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury for
Harding and Coolidge
http//www.mellon.org/awmf.html
98
Teapot Dome Scandal

• Occurred during the Administration of President
  Warren G. Harding.
• Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall
  persuaded Harding to the transfer control of
  three naval oil reserves from the Department of
  the Navy to the Department of the Interior
  in1921.

99
Teapot Dome Scandal

• Fall leased the reserves at Elk Hills, CA and
  Teapot Dome, WY to private oil companies.
• In 1927 the government sued to cancel the leases.
  In 1929 Fall was convicted of accepting a bribe,
  fined 100,000 and sentenced one year in prison.

100
Roaring 20s, Jazz Age

• Power Point Project by Mr. Houstons American
  History Students to be used for test preparation
  at Harwich High School
• Sources include websites, Groliers Multimedia
  Encyclopaedia, University of Virginia election
  maps, and other sources cited in the slides
• http//www.harwich.edu/depts/history/
  pp/20s/index.htm

101
Washington Naval Conference
http//history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-b/ca3.
htm
102
Washington Naval Conference

• November, 1921--Secretary of State, Charles Evans
  Hughes organized a conference in Washington, D.C.
  China, Japan and European powers all attended.
• Expected to keep China open to all commerce.
• February, 1922--three major treaties had been
  drawn up.

103
The Five-Power Treaty

• US, Great Britain, Japan, France and Italy
• agreed to cease battleship production for ten
  years.
• Reduce fleet of capital ships to a fixed
  ratio(5531.71.7)
• expected to produce a balance of forces in the
  Pacific

104
The Four-Power Treaty

• US, Great Britain, France and Japan.
• intended to respect interests of others in
  Pacific Islands.
• notify in event that any other country launches
  an attack in area.
• no promises were made to help or restrain own
  freedom of action.

105
The Nine-Power Treaty

• All conferees signed.
• Chinas independence was guaranteed.
• maintained an Open Door Policy (trade in China).
• US regains moral influence lost by not joining
  League of Nations.
• The American Nation John A. Garraty

106
President Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29
107
Election of 1924

• Calvin Coolidge took over in 1923 after Hardings
  death.
• He was elected in 1924 to a full 4 year term.
  Coolidge defeated Democrat John Davis and
  Progressive Robert LaFollette.

108
http//fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1924
.gif
Coolidge-green Davis-blue LaFollette-brown
109
Calvin Coolidge

• The business of America is business.
• vetoes McNary-Haugen farm bill.
• Laissez-faire philosophy
• Silent Cal.

110
Roaring 20s, Jazz Age

• Power Point Project by Mr. Houstons American
  History Students to be used for test preparation
  at Harwich High School.
• Sources include websites, Groliers Multimedia
  Encyclopaedia, University of Virginia election
  maps, and other sources cited in the slides.
• http//www.harwich.edu/depts/history/
  pp/20s/index.htm

111
Election of 1928

• Herbert Hoover was nominated on the first ballot
  at the Republican convention in Kansas City.
• Alfred Smith was nominated by the Democrats at
  their convention in Houston on the second ballot.
  Smith was the first Roman Catholic to run for the
  presidency.
• The major issues in the campaign were religion
  and prohibition. Attacks were made against Smith,
  claiming that if elected he would make
  Catholicism the national religion
• Hoover went on to an overwhelming victory.

112
America and the fine election of 1928
113
Republican Candidate in 1928 Herbert Hoover
114
1928 Democratic Candidate
Al Smith on the left
115
Al Smith campaign chairman
http//us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/109
1.html
116
http//fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1928
.gif
Hoover-green Smith-blue
http//fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1928
.gif
117
Election of 1928

• Coolidge decided not to run for reelection
• Republicans nominated Secretary of Commerce
  Herbert Hoover.
• Democrats nominated NY Governor Al Smith.
• Smith was Catholic, Hoover was a Quaker.
• Smith was a wet, Hoover supported prohibition,
  dry.

118
http//www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/ht
ml/hh31.html

• Hoover defeats Smith in 1928 election Electoral
  college 444-87 Popular vote 21.4 million to 14
  million.

119
President Herbert
Hoover
http//www.whitehouse.gov/
Promoter of Rugged Individualism
120
Stock Market Crash of 1929

• During the mid 1920s, the market went under
  massive expansion reaching a relatively high peak
  in August 1929.
• October 24th Black Thursday- prices began to
  decline rapidly and a record of 12,894,650 shares
  were traded.
• Causes Land speculation, stock margins, many
  investors sold their stocks, and margin calls.

121
Black Days of 1929

• October 28th Black Monday- Many major
  investment companies and banks all brought up
  large amounts of stock to stabilize the market
  but their idea failed.
• October 29th Black Tuesday - All shares were
  traded and the prices on the market collapsed
  completely

122
http//www.britannica.com/frm_redir.jsp?querystoc
kmarketcrashof1929redirhttp//www.arts.unime
lb.edu.au/amu/ucr/student/1997/Yee/1929.htm
123
Reconstruction Finance Corp.

• Created in 1932 by the Herbert Hoover
  administration.
• Its purpose was to lend money to the depression.
  It started out lending only to financial,
  industrial, and agricultural institutions.
• It financed war plants, gave foreign governments
  loans and provided protection against war and
  disaster damages.

124
Herbert Hoover, creator of the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation.
http//www.hooverassoc.org/
125
Reconstruction Finance Corp.

• In 1939 the RFC merged with other agencies to
  form the Federal Loan Agency and Jesse Jones, who
  ran the RFC was named the federal loan
  administrator.

126
Manchuria Crisis leads to Stimson Doctrine, 1931
127
Stimson Doctrine, 1931
128
Bonus March
129
Bonus March

• Of the million men hoped by the Marchs
  organizers would attend, barely 20,000 managed to
  scrape together depression-era bus and train
  faremany arrived by horse and mule-drawn plywood
  shanties.
• On July 28, 1932 two Bonus Marchers were shoot by
  police, and the entire mob became hostile and
  riotous.

130
Bonus March
http//hal.calc.k12.la.us/hssstud/bonusarmy.htm
131
Bonus March
http//members.aol.com/vetsofamer/bonus2.htm
132
Bonus March, 1932

• Unemployed veterans demand Bonus money from WWI.
• Hoover orders MacArthur to drive protestors out
  of DC.

133
Franklin Roosevelt defeats Hoover in 1932 election

• Public turned against Hoover despite the
  Reconstruction Finance Corporation and relief
  efforts by the President.
• Bonus Army fallout also hurt Hoovers image
  shacks of homeless nicknamed Hoovervilles.
• Roosevelt calls for New Deal and bold action.

134
Roosevelt-blue Hoover-green
http//fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1928
.gif