Approaches to AI. Robotics Versus Artificial Intelligence

1
Approaches to AI.Robotics VersusArtificial
Intelligence
2
Outline

• Founders of AI
• Search
• What are expert systems
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems in
  Robots
• Other uses of AI
• Shortcomings of AI
• New Directions in Intelligent Robotics
• Looking forward

3
HAL in 2001 A Computer with Artificial
IntelligenceIn 2001 A Space Odyssey (book by
Arthur Clarke, movie by Stanley Kubrick, 1968),
the HAL 9000 computer onboard the spacecraft
exhibited several characteristics which represent
areas of artificial intelligence research today

• Capacity to understand natural languages natural
  language processing.
• Facility with logic expert systems and logic
  programs.
• Visual ability to understand what it is seeing
  neural networks for image processing.
• Capability to monitor and control the spaceship
  robotics.

We will discuss them, but let us start from the
beginning...
4
Who started AI?The founding Father of AI

• Other names to remember
• Minsky
• Papert
• Holland
• De Garis
• Moravec
• Brooks

5

• Autonomous robot needs Artificial Intelligence

6
(No Transcript)
7
What is AI?
8
How do we classify research as AI?
9
What is Intelligence?

• The ability to learn and to cope.
• The ability to contemplate, think, and reason.
• Synonyms
• Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, sense,
  wit
• Related
• Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment,
  perspicacity, sagacity, wisdom

10
Definition of AI (first try)

• Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of
  constructing an intelligent artifact

11
Intelligence

• What is intelligence?
• Doing what people do?
• vision
• voice recognition
• game playing
• people solve many subtle problems
• Current programs are brittle

12
Alan M. Turing
Computing Machinery and Intelligence
Turing Test
Thirty minutes to ask questions If you cannot
distinguish between a person and the artificial
system based on the responses, then the system is
intelligent (how many tries, language,etc)
13
Intelligence

• Turing Test A human communicates with a computer
  via a teletype. If the human cant tell he is
  talking to a computer or another human, it
  passes.
• Natural language processing
• knowledge representation
• automated reasoning
• machine learning
• Add vision and robotics to get the total Turing
  test.

14
The Imitation Game
If a computer can fool a human interrogator
into believing that it is human, then it may be
said that the machine is intelligent, and thinks.
The scope of questions that may be asked is
virtually unlimited.
The imitation game competition
15
Example of an Interrogation
Q Please write me a sonnet on the subject of the
Forth Bridge.
A Count me out of this one. I never could write
poetry.
Q Add 34957 to 70764.
A ltPause about 30 secondsgt 105621.
Q Do you play chess?
A Yes.
Q I have K at my K1, and no other pieces. You
have only K at K6 and R at R1. It is your move.
What do you play?
A ltPause about 15 secondsgt R-R8 mate.
16
One more definition of Turing Test
17
A Refined Definition

• Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of
  constructing an artifact that can reliably pass
  the Turing Test

18
Objections to the Turing Test

• Not everything about human can be learned by only
  talking by phone
• Is looking an answer up in a large table really
  intelligence?
• Does a functional definition of intelligence
  really characterize human intelligence?

19
What are artifacts? points to discuss

• An inorganic object
• A physical-symbol system
• symbols
• expressions
• a symbol manipulating entity
• symbols correspond to objects in an environment

20
A Final Definition

• Artificial Intelligence is the enterprise of
  constructing a physical symbol system (a robot)
  that can reliably pass the Turing Test

21
Weak and Strong AI Claims

• Weak AI
• Machines can be made to act as if they were
  intelligent.
• Strong AI
• Machines that act intelligently have real,
  conscious minds.

22
AI Concepts and Definitions
23
Artificial Intelligence more definitions
24
What are the objectives of Artificial
Intelligence?
25
What are typical signs of Intelligence?
26
Signs of Intelligence (cont)
27
Approaches to AI

• Searching
• Learning
• From Natural to Artificial Systems
• Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
• Expert Systems and Planning
• Communication, Perception, Action

28
Interlinked Components of AI

• Search
• Knowledge
• Representation
• Examples

29
Your task

• What is your definition of intelligence?
• Can your definition be applied to a robot?
• Give one example from your area what is
  Knowledge.
• How this knowledge can be represented in LISP?
• Give one example from your area what is
  Representation
• How your representation will be implemented in
  LISP?
• Give an Example of a Turing test limited to some
  area, in which it will be relatively easy but not
  trivial for a machine to pass. For instance, if
  you restrict the test to questions about baseball
  league.