RFID Technology

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RFID Technology

• Prepared by- Guided by-
• Dhaval R. Bhojani Prof. K. R.
  Parmar
• ME-EC 1ST Year
  EC Department
• Roll No. 2 Exam No. 5001

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CONTANTS

• HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS RFID TECHNOLOGY?
• BASIC PARTS OF THE SYSTEM
• FREQUENCIES ANTENNAS USED IN COMMUNICATION
• BASIC OPERATION OF SYSTEM
• ARCHITECTURE FOLLOWED BY NETWORK
• CHALLENGES FACED BY SYSTEM
• COMMON USES OF THE SYSTEM
• LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM
• FUTURE TRENDS IN RFID
• REFERENCES

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

• SINCE LAST 50 YEARS MALL STRUCTURE OF STORES HAD
  STARTED AND PEOPLE STARTED FACING PROBLEMS LIKE
  STOKE MAINTANANCE, BILLING, SECURITY etc.
• THE BASE FOR THIS TECHNOLOGY WAS PUT BY LEON
  THEREMIN IN 1946 AND AFTERWARDS RESEARCHES HAD
  GONE STARTED.
• THE FIRST MODERN RFID DEVICE WAS ESTABLISHED IN
  1973 BY MARIO CARDULLO, IN NEW YORK AND WAS A
  TRANSPONDER WITH MEMORY STORING INFORMATION
  REGARDING THE ITEAM.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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WHAT IS RFID TECHNOLOGY?

• RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) IS A
  DEDICATED SHORT RANGE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY.
• THE TERM RFID IS USED TO DESCRIBE VARIOUS
  TECHNOLOGIES THAT USE RADIO WAVES TO
  AUTOMATICALLY IDENTIFY PEOPLE OR OBJECTS.
• RFID TECHNOLOGY IS ALMOST SIMILAR TO THE BAR-CODE
  IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS, HOWEVER ONE BIG
  DIFFERENCE IS THAT RFID DOES NOT RELY ON THE
  LINE-OF-SIGHT READING.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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BASIC PARTS OF THE SYSTEM

• TAGS
• THAT ARE PUT ON THE SURFACE OF ALL ITEAMS OR
  PERSONS.
• READERS
• TRANSCIEVERS WHICH CONTINEOUSLY SCAN AND
  COMMUNICATE WITH EACH TAG IN COVERAGE AREA.
• MONITORING SYSTEM
• IT BASED SYSTEM WHICH TRACKS, MONITORS, REPORTS
  AND MANAGES ALL THE ITEAMS AS THEY MOVE BETWEEN
  PHYSICAL LOCATIONS IN THE AREA.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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TAGS

• RFID TAGS COME IN GENERAL THREE VARIETIES
• PASSIVE TAGS
• ACTIVE TAGS
• SEMI-PASSIVE TAGS
• TO COMMUNICATE, TAGS RESPOND TO QUERIES
  GENERATING SIGNALS FROM THE READERS.
• FOR COMMUNICATION WITH READERS TAGS USES BACK
  SCATTERING TECHNIQUE.
• IF THE STRENGTH OF SIGNAL IS NOT ENOUGH THEN LOAD
  MODULATION TECHNIQUES CAN BE USED TO MANIPULATE
  THE READERS FIELD.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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TAGS CONTD...

• PASSIVE TAGS
• THEY DONT HAVE INTERNAL POWER SUPPLY.
• ELECTRICAL POWER IS GENERATED BY THE RECEIVED
  SIGNAL FROM READER.
• MEMORY USED TO STORE DATA IS EEPROM(WRITABLE).
• PRACTICALLY THE READ DISTANCE IS RANGING AROUND
  10m(33 ft).
• ITS EASY TO MANUFACTURE AND LOW IN COST.
• ITS COMPACT IN SIZE SO CAN BE EMBEDDED IN
  STICKERS.
• ANTENNA DESIGNING IS ALSO SIMPLE.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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TAGS CONTD

• ACTIVE TAGS
• THEY HAVE ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY(DRY CELL).
• THE COMMUNICATION WITH READER IS AT HIGHER POWER
  LEVEL AND MORE RELIABLE.
• THEY HAVE RANGE OF FEW HUNDRED METERS AND BATTERY
  LIFE OF 10 YEARS.
• THEY MAY HAVE LARGER MEMORY AND SENSORS FOR OTHER
  INFORMATIONS REGARDING ENVIRONMENT.
• THEY ARE LARGER IN SIZE, COSTLY AND DIFFICULT TO
  MANUFACTURE.
• SELF DISCHARGE OF BATTERY COMPETES CORROSION OF
  ALUMINATED PCB.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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TAGS CONTD

• SEMI-PASSIVE TAGS
• THEY HAVE ONBOARD POWER SUPPLY BUT ONLY FOR THE
  MEMORY CHIP ON IT, THE TRANSMISSION DOESNT TAKE
  PLACE WITH THAT POWER.
• THEY ARE MORE SENSITIVE AND FASTER IN RESPONSE
  THAN PASSIVE.
• MORE BATTERY LIFE THAN THE ACTIVE TAGS.
• THEY CAN PERFORM ACTIVE FUNCTIONS EVEN WHEN NO
  READER IS PRESENT FOR POWERING THE CIRCUIT.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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FREQUENCIES ANTENNAS USED

• LOW FREQUENCY RFID USES FREQUENCY OF 30-300KHz
  AND THE ANTENNA USED IS SIMPLE INDUCTIVE COIL
  HAVING AROUND 100 TURNS AND 3 TO 5 LAYERS FOR
  SATISFACTORY OPERATION.
• HIGH FREQUENCY RFID USES FREQUENCY OF 3-30MHz AND
  THE ANTENNA USED IS OF TWO METAL PLATES ISOLATED
  FROM INSULATOR USING LITHOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE.
• ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY RFID USES FREQUENCY OF
  300MHz-3GHz AND ANTENNA USED IS SIMPLE A METAL
  PLATE ACTING AS A DIPOLE.
• RECENTLY RFID USES FREQUENCY OF 2.4GHz AS THE
  MANUFACTURING AND OPERATION OF DIPOLE ANTENNA IS
  EASY AND RELIABLE.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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BASIC OPERATION OF SYSTEM

• READERS, IN CHARGE OF THE TAGS OF AN AREA, MAY
  OPERATE IN AUTONOMOUS MODE, IN WHICH READER
  PERIODICALLY LOCATES ALL TAGS AND KEEPS A
  PRESENCE LIST WITH PERSIST TIME AND CONTROL
  INFORMATION. WHEN ENTRY EXPIRES, REMOVES FROM
  LIST.
• TO READ TAG DATA, READERS USE TREE-WALKING
  SINGULATION ALGORITHM, TO RESTRICT COLLISIONS.
• BLOCKER TAGS MAY BE USED TO RESTRICT READERS TO
  SCAN OUT OF ITS DEFINED AREA, WHICH MAY CONTAIN
  SOME CONTROLLING INFORMATION ABOUT AREA AND
  ENVIRONMENT.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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ARCHITECTURE OF NETWORK
Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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CHALLENGES FACED BY SYSTEM

• THE SYSTEM HAS TO MANAGE LARGE NO. OF DATA
  GENERATED BY READING TAGS ON INDIVIDUAL ITEAMS.
• THE CONFIGURATION AND MANAGEMENT OF READER
  DEVICES.
• STANDARDS AND ARCHITECTURE INTEROPERABILITY.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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COMMON USES OF RFID

• RFID SYSTEM CAN BE USED ANYWHERE, FROM CLOTHING
  TAGS TO MISSILES TO PET TAGS TO FOOD-ANYWHERE
  THAT A UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM IS NEEDED.
• ITS RIGHT NOW BEING USED IN HOSPITALS TO TRACK
  PATIENTS AND COSTLY INSTRUMENTS, IN RETAIL
  STORES(MALLS) TO TRACK THE ITEAMS, IN ZOO TO
  TRACK AND CONTROL THE ANIMALS, IN VEHICLES MOVING
  ON HIGH-WAYS TO CONTROL THE SPEED AND TOL
  COLLECTION AND AT MANY PLACES SERVING HUMAN BEING.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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LIMITATIONS OF THE SYSTEM

• TAGS CAN BE SCANNED WHETHER PRESENT ON THE ITEAM
  OR NOT BUT PRESENT IN THE COVERAGE AREA OF
  READER.
• TAGS REMAIN ACTIVE OUTSIDE OF THE STORE ALSO.
• PRIVACY CONCERN WITH THE DATA COLLECTED FROM THE
  TAGS.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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FUTURE TRENDS OF RFID

• IN NEAR FUTURE RFID IS GOING TO BE CONVETED TO
  EPC global (ELECTRONICS PRODUCT CODE), WHICH IS
  GOING TO BE CONTROLLING THE TOTAL SUPPLY CHAIN
  MANAGEMENT OF EACH AND EVERY PRODUCT BEING
  MENUFACTURED IN ANY INDUSTRY.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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REFERENCES

• Microsoft UK, RFID An Introduction,
• http//www.rfid.com/pdfs_downloads/RFID_Blueprint
  _final.pdf
• June, 2004.
•  
• Kim Hargraves and Steven Shafer, RFID Privacy
  The Microsoft Perspective,
• http//www.rfid.com/pdfs_downloads/RFID_Privacy_W
  hitepaper_for_FTC_FINAL.doc
• June, 2004.
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• Dargan, Gaurav Johnson, Brain Panchalingam,
  Mukunthan Stratis, Chris, The Use of Radio
  Frequency Identification as a Replacement for
  Traditional Bar coding,
• May 2006.
•  
• An Introduction to RFID Technology,
• http//www.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID
•  
• Radio Frequency Identification Applications and
  Implications for Consumers, http//www.ftc.gov/os
  /2005/03/050308rfidrpt.pdf
• Jan 2008.
•  
• Klaus Sinkenzeller, RFID Handbook, Second
  Edition, John Wiley Sons, England 2004.
•  

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering
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THANK YOU

• ANY QUATIONS WILL MAKE ME FORTUNATE TO
  ANSWER YOU.

Department of Electronics Communication
Mr. D. R. Bhojani - L.D. College of Engineering