The History of Sport

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The History of Sport

• Laura Mikl
• Secondary Education

2
OBJECTIVES

• Students will
• Be able to describe the beginning of sports.
• Be able to learn and describe different eras of
  sport in Americas history.
• Be able to describe how media has played a role
  in sports history.

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From the Beginning

• Egyptian sports date back to 2000 BC
• Wall paintings include
• Wrestling
• Bowling

4
Greek Athletics

• Greeks admired the healthy human body.
• Strength
• Agility
• Flexibility
• Endurance
• Worlds first athletic fixture.
• Olympia
• 776 BC
• The first Olympics was a one-day athletic meeting
  with a single competitive event.
• Running race.

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Greek Athletics contd.

• Extended games were added in 7th century BC.
• Track Field Events
• Boxing
• Wrestling
• Chariot racing
• Hockey and Polo were featured in 6th century BC.
• Polo is the earliest organized surviving team
  sport.

6
Sports in Early America

• Richard Baxter
• Lawful sport or recreation, a sport had to be
  dissociated from traditional revelries. A lawful
  sport should refresh the participants so that
  they could better execute their worldly and
  spiritual callings or duties.
• Sports which revolved around play were to be
  avoided.
• Unlawful sports
• Gambling
• Horse racing
• Blood sports
• Football was banned in 1657.
• Reinstated 1677

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Fun in the South

• Southern colonies developed less restrictive way
  of life.
• Sport included
• Hunting
• Fishing
• Blood sports
• Horse racing
• Gambling
• Ganderpulling was a blood sport which usually
  took place on Easter Sunday.
• The neck of the goose was greased and the animal
  was hung by its feet from a rope tied to a tree
  branch.
• The men galloped at full speed on their horses
  and attempted to jerk the gooses head off.

8
The Revolutionary Era

• The Great Awakening, 1730s, tried to suppress all
  leisure activities.
• Republicanism also believed that a successful
  republic cannot be founded on a state which is
  founded on idle ways such as sport.
• The First Continental Congress Meeting of 1774
  did nothing but dampened sporting enthusiasm.
• George Washington encouraged his troops to engage
  in games of exercise for amusement.

First Continental Congress Meeting 1774
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Fever Pitch

• The earliest known mention of the game Baseball
  was in Pittsfield, MA, 1792.
• The New York Knickerbockers Baseball club was
  founded on September 23, 1845.
• Alexander Cartwright
• Knickerbocker Rules
• NABBP
• 1857
• Professional play
• William H. Cammeyer
• 1862
• Enclosure movement
• Built fence around land and charged admission for
  games.

10
Talkin about Baseball

• Cincinnati Red Stockings
• Nations first all-salaried team.
• 1869
• Record of 58-0-1.
• Success sparked formation of other teams.
• The National League
• William A. Hulbert Albert Spalding
• Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Louisville,
  Hartford, St. Louis, Philadelphia, New York
  fielded teams for the 1876 season.

First Nine of the Cincinnati Red Stockings
1868-1869 Season.
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Becoming the National Pastime

• World Series
• Began in 1903 between the pennant winners of the
  American and National League.
• Quest for order.
• Power to managers.
• Rules and Regulations.
• Growing popularity
• Admission
• Baseball heroes
• Babe Ruth
• Ty Cobb
• Shoeless Joe Jackson

Babe Ruth and Joe Jackson, 1920.
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Sporting Communities

• Sports not only provided ethnics with shared
  experiences, but the experienced of playing and
  watching games could blur status, ideological,
  and personal differences within ethnic
  communities.
• Ethnic Sporting
• Immigrant culture
• Cricket clubs
• Track and Field
• Turner Societies
• Organized in Native land.
• Berlin, Germany
• Universal Education and Gymnastic Program.
• The American Turners are a family organization
  encouraging activity for people of all ages. (To
  Learn more about Turner Societies.)

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The Wealthy Community

• New York Elite
• Wealthy sportsmen.
• They lavished their attention to games that
  might require large amounts of free time, costly
  facilities, elaborate equipment, and sometimes
  travel to faraway places.
• Yacht clubs.
• Polo
• Horse racing.
• Lawn Tennis.
• First championship, 1881.
• Winning or losing was of no importance.
• Played with proper grace.

Lawn Tennis, 1887.
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The Rise of Organized Youth Sports

• Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr.
• Young Mens Christian Association
• Theory of Play
• Competitive sport for youth.
• Training in specific sport skills.
• Henry F. Kallenberg
• 1911
• New focus of athletic program.
• Promote a comprehensive sport program that would
  reach the mass of young men and boys, and
  discourage prize winning and over training.
• YMCA
• (More history on the formation of the YMCA)

Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr. A pioneer in YMCA
sports.
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Theory of Play

• Edward B. de Groot
• Professional Physical Educator in charge of
  construction.

• G. Stanley Hall
• Genetic Psychology Humans had acquired the
  fundamental impulse to play.
• Physical activity developed muscles and spurred
  the growth of neural centers in the brain and
  spinal cord.
• Team sports
• Social development.
• Playground Movement
• 1903
• Chicago South Park District approved 5 million
  bond for construction.

Chicago Daily News, 1908
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Sports role in Schools

• The Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
• Changes in American Life called for a change in
  Education.
• Prepare the students for vocations and teach them
  the social values of life.
• Interscholastic athletics allowed students to be
  more involved.

• High School Sports
• Students formed athletic organizations.
• By 1900, rage of high school football surpassed
  intercollegiate athletics.
• Meeting of the Educational Conference of
  Academies and High Schools.
• 1902
• Strict faculty supervision of athletics.

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Sport as a Community Enterprise

• Interscholastic Athletics
• Common goals of students
• Rally student body
• Gave identity and common purpose to the
  community.
• School board put more money into athletics.
• Athletics brought more money into schools.
• Construction of large gymnasiums and fields.

Nebraska State High School Basketball Tournament,
1921.
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Media and Sports

• New technology helped sports become more popular.
• The technology age brought forth the birth of the
  sports
• writer.
• Use of the
• Sports Page
• Converted sports
• into poetry.
• Interesting or
• interpretive
• stories.
• Helped the
• promotion of
• professional sports.

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Media in Sports

• Radio began to have an impact on sport in the
  1920s.
• Only aired spectacular events.
• Broadcasts of regular season games did not air
  until the 1940s.
• Game of the Day
• Radio Announcers became stars.
• Graham McNamee
• Bill Stern
• The man was more than just a sports commentator,
  he was in fact a storyteller.

Bill Stern, The Bill Stern Sports Review
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Organized Sports Since 1950

• Growth of Cities
• Metropolitan areas aided in the growth of
  professional sports.
• Expansion followed with the aid of travel.
• Local governments went on a stadium-building
  binge.
• Late 1980s
• 2 dozen of the largest 65 metropolitan areas
  built new facilities

The Pontiac Silverdome, located near Detroit,
Michigan
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The Self and Fitness Cult

• The Contemporary Fitness Movement of 1960.
• New focus new focus on psychological and physical
  self-improvement. Kenneth Cooper
• Developed measurable standards of ideal
  conditioning.
• Only strenuous activities elevated pulse rate to
  adequate levels.
• Aerobic Fitness
• This brought on the birth of health clubs in
  1972.

Golds Gym Venice, CA 1965-1975
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The Self and Fitness Cult

• The 1980s brought in low-impact activities, such
  as fitness walking, soft aerobics and treadmill
  exercise.
• At home work outs.
• Increase of selling of work out equipment
• Aerobic At home work out videos.
• Richard Simmons (Click for at home work out
  video)
• Although there was a huge decline in Health
  related fitness in the 1990s.

Thigh master, Swept the nation in the late 1980s.
23
American Sports

• American Sports have evolved from the informal
  folk games of the colonial era to the highly
  organized sports of the age of television.
• 1890-1950 era
• Organized sports became entrenched in American
  societies.
• Post 1950 era
• Spectators watched at home.
• Importance of Intercollegiate Athletics.

NBC broadcasting a baseball game in the early
1950s.
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ASSESSMENT

• Teacher will assess the students
• During class, by using class discussion of their
  previous knowledge of sports history.
• At the end of class during discussion.
• Class will be assigned to further research a
  Defining moment in American Sports History. and
  present in class.

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Works Cited

• Rader, Benjamin G. American Sports From the Age
  of Folk Games to the Age of Televised Sports. New
  Jersey Prentice Hall, 1996.
• Pictures
• Slide 3 Wrestlers http//www.touregypt.net/fe
  aturestories/banihasan.htm
• Slide 4 Olympics http//www.themediadrome.com
  /content/articles/words_articles/poems_olympics.ht
  m
• Slide 5 Ancient Hockey http//www.usfieldhock
  ey.com/history/index.htm
• Slide 6 Richard Baxter http//www.1902encyclo
  pedia.com/B/BAX/richard-baxter.jpg
• Slide 7 Ganderpulling American Sports, pg.
  12.
• Slide 8 First Continental Meeting
  http//www.pasttimesnews.com/online_articles/congr
  ess_images/Congress1.jpg
• Slide 9 Early Baseball Game American
  Sports, pg. 53.
• Slide 10 Cincinnati Red Stockings
  http//bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/hist490/19thcprofession
  al/19thcphotos/reds/1869RedsL1.jpg
• Slide 11 Babe and Joe http//mipakaco-photos.
  stores.yahoo.net/
• Slide 13 Lawn Tennis American Sports, pg.
  65.
• Slide 14 YMCA Background http//www/ymca.org
• Luther Halsey Gulick, Jr. http//www.postzegel
  blog.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/luthe
  r-halsey-gulick-400p.jpg

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Works Cited continued

• Slide 15 Chicago Playground
  http//www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/9
  76.html
• Slide 17 Nebraska Basketball State Tournament
  American Sports, pg. 112.
• Slide 18 Jack Dempsey http//www.cmgww.com/sp
  orts/dempsey/photo_gallery.htm
• Slide 19 Bill Stern http//www.otr.com/tl_oct
  _dec.shtml
• Slide 20 Pontiac Silverdome
  http//football.ballparks.com/NFL/DetroitLions/ind
  ex.htm
• Slide 21 Golds Gym http//www.goldsgym.com/g
  olds/index.php
• Slide 22 Susan Summer / Thigh Master
  http//www.24hrre.com/thigh_master.jpg
• Slide 23 NBC Broadcasting http//www.museum.t
  v/archives/etv/S/htmlS/sportsandte/sportsandte.htm
  
• Pictures on Slide 1,2, 24 are from Clip Art.
• Sounds
• Slide 9 Baseball Theme Take Me Out to the
  Ball Game http//www.tripstigers.com/baseball/b
  aseball_sounds.htm
• Slide 19 Bill Stern Colgate Sports NewsReel
  Radio TimeLines http//www.otr.com/timeline/Col
  gate_Sports_420912.mp3