PHONETICS See also

1
PHONETICSSee also Phonology, Spelling
Writing Systems

• by Don L. F. Nilsen
• and Alleen Pace Nilsen

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The Tongue Our Strongest Muscle
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ARTICULATORY PHONETICS (Callary 120)
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PLACE OF ARTICULATION

• BILABIALS
• LABIO-DENTALS
• INTERDENTALS
• ALVEOLARS
• PALATALS
• VELARS
• (Fromkin, Roldman Hyams 2011 245 inside of
  back cover)

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MANNER OF ARTICULATION

• STOPS
• FRICATIVES
• AFFRICATES
• NASALS (NASALIZING)
• VOICING
• (Fromkin, Roldman Hyams 2011 245 inside of
  back cover)

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MANNER OF ARTICULATION EXERCISE

• TALKING SOFTLY Everyone in the class should
  talk softly as they say something.
• WHISPERING Everyone in the class should whisper
  as they say something.
• NOTE In talking softly all of the vowels and
  most of the consonants are voiced, but in
  whispering none of the vowels or consonants are
  voiced. When you talk softly in church rather
  than whispering, your voice will carry throughout
  the church.

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• NASALIZATION The velic in the back of the throat
  opens and closes the nasal cavity to allow
  nasalization or not.
• Everyone in the class should keep the velic open
  as they say something so that all of the sounds
  will be nasalized.
• NOTE If the velic is defective, or if the
  palate is defective, then many sounds become
  nasalized that should not be nasalized. This is
  why people with a detective palate must have an
  artificial palate installed.
• (Fromkin, Rodman Hyams 2011 249)

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• DENALIZATION Everyone in the class should keep
  the velic closed as they say something so that
  none of the sounds will be nasalized.
• NOTE People with adenoid problems, or with
  colds in their noses sound denasalized.
• Now everyone in the class should hold their nose
  as they say something. Is the resulting sound a
  nasal sound, or a denasalized sound? Explain.
• QUESTION Are the nasal sounds in English stops
  or continuants?
• ANSWER From the point of view of the mouth, they
  are stops however, from the point of view of the
  nose, they are continuants.
• (Fromkin, Roldman Hyams 2011 245 inside of
  back cover)

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• CHANGE OF PITCH The voice box is also called
  the larynx.
• As air passes through the larynx it can be cut
  off (voiceless), or it can be allowed through
  (voiceless).
• If the air is allowed through, but the vocal
  folds are held close together the result is a
  high pitch if they are held close together the
  result is a low pitch.
• Pitch can be heard only in voiced continuants.
• All of our vowels, and most of our consonants are
  voiced continuants.
• (Fromkin, Rodman Hyams 2011 254-255, 299)

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CONTRAST THE SOUNDS SPELLINGS OF THE FOLLOWING
WORDS
psycho-socks though-thought easy-essay pneumonia-new gnew-new knew-new Thomas-tank phone-peas rough-through bleached-blackened cheese-cow which-who wash-sugar singer-finger gem-get (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 2007 251)
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REGIONAL DIALECTSCONTRAST THE FOLLOWING
cot-caught merry-marry-Mary mourning-morning pi
n-pen witch-which (Fromkin, Rodman Hyams
2011 432-438)
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REGIONAL DIALECTSPRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING
calf creek either greasy hog lot Mrs. near outhouse roof schedule spoon tomatoes wash with (Fromkin, Rodman Hyams 2011 432-438)
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IDENTIFY THE SOUNDIDENTIFY THE FEATURES

• Your teacher will give you three features, and
  you will give the unique sound that these three
  features identify.
• Your teacher will give you a sound, and you will
  give the three or more features that will
  uniquely identify the sound.
• (Fromkin, Rodman Hyams 2011 260-265)

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POINTS OF ARTICULATION ( Nilsen Nilsen,
Pronunciation Contrasts 131)
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PHONETIC ALPHABET FOR ENGLISH(Fromkin Rodman
Hyams 2011 233)
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PHONETIC SYMBOLS(Fromkin Rodman Hyams 2011 245
inside of back cover)
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AMERICAN VOWELS(Fromkin Rodman Hyams 2011 248)
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PUNS

• Richard Lederer in the introduction to his Get
  Thee to a Punnery said that puns are a
  three-ring circus of words words clowning, words
  teetering on tightropes, words swinging from
  tent-tops, words thrusting their heads into the
  mouth of lions.
• Tony Tanner said that a pun is like an adulterous
  bed in which two meanings that should be
  separated are coupled together.
• (Nilsen Nilsen 181)

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• Debra Fried defined puns as the weird accidents,
  amazing flukes and lucky hits that the one-armed
  bandit of language dishes up.
• This last example is a case of once-removed
  personification, since a one-armed bandit is
  itself a personified reference to a gambling
  machine.
• (Nilsen Nilsen 181)

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SIGN LANGUAGE ARTICULATION
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SIGN LANGUAGE(Klima and Belugi 42)(Fromkin,
Rodman Hyams 2011 257-258)
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(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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SILENT CONSONANTS

• For each of the following words with a silent
  consonant, think of a related word in which the
  consonant is pronounced. This is not possible
  for all words.
• autumn, bough, corps, debt, ghost, gnaw, hole,
  island, knot, lamb, mnemonic, pneumonia,
  psychology, pterodacty, resign, sword, write
• (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 2007 224)

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SPELLING OF LONG VOWELS

• Short vowel sounds are easy to spell in English
  bit, bet, bat, but, bot (a horse fly)
• But long vowels in English are chaotic in their
  spelling. We might add a silent e, or write
  more than one vowel letter, etc.
• Furthermore, our sound system has changed
  drastically, but our writing system has not, so
  on first blush, the English spelling system
  appears to be chaotic.

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spelling inconsistencies

• I take it you already know
• of tough and bough and cough and dough?
• Some may stumble, but not you,
• On hiccough, thorough, slough and through.
• So now you are ready, perhaps,
• To learn of less familiar traps?

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• Beware of heard, a dreadful word
• That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
• And dead, its said like bed, not bead
• For goodness sake, dont call it deed!
• Watch out for meat and great and threat.
• (They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.)
• A moth is not a moth in mother,
• Nor both in bother, broth in brother.
• (Bolinger 480)
• (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 2007 253)

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THE WALRUS AND THE CARPENTERby Lewis Carroll

• Write the following in phonetic script
• The time has come the walrus said to talk of many
  things,
• Of shoes and ships and seeling wax, of cabbages
  and kings,
• and why the sea is boiling hot, and whether pigs
  have wings.
• (Fromkin Rodman Hyams 2007 251)

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SIMILARITY THEORYIn this series of jokes, the
puns of the first joke represents total
similarity (or identity), and the puns in each
joke from then on becomes less and less similar.
In the last joke, the punning words are so
dissimilar that it is a stretch to figure them
out at all.
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FORM-MEANING CORRESPONDENCES

• Antonyms (woman-man)
• Heteronyms (bow-bow)
• Homographs (bank-bank NOTE These are also
  Homophones)
• Homonoids (sex and violins saxon violence)
• Homonyms (to-too-two)
• Hyponyms (metaphor-metaphor)
• Metanalysis (un naperon gt an apron)
• Polysemes (ring-ring)
• Synonyms (dog-hound)

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IDENTITY

• Jorge Borges wrote a parody of Cervantes's Don
  Quixote. The parody used all of the same words,
  the same phrases and the same sentences as were
  in Cervantess original.
• Borges claimed that his parody was much richer
  than the original because it contained all of the
  meaning of the original, plus it had all of the
  meaning of the parody.
• In addition, the parody had the benefit of many
  years of literary criticism to add to its
  richness.

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POLYSEMY

• POLYSEMY When a single word has two different
  senses.
• Q What did one tonsil say to the other?
• A You'd better get dressed. The doctor's taking
  us out tonight.

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HOMOGRAPHY

• HOMOGRAPHY When two different words are
  pronounced and spelled the same.
• Q Why can't the leopard escape from the zoo?
• A Because he is always spotted.

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!HOMOPHONY

• HOMOPHONY When two different words are
  pronounced the same but are spelled differently
• Q What's black and white and red/read all over?
• A A newspaper.

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!!HOMONOIDISM

• HOMONOIDISM When words are similar but not the
  same in sound and spelling
• 1st Knock Knock
• 2nd Who's there?
• 1st Eskimos, Christians, and Italians
• 2nd Eskimos, Christians, and Italians who?
• 1st Eskimos, Christians, and Italians no lies.

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!!!METANALYSIS

• METANALYSIS An inaccurate understanding of where
  one word or phrase ends and the next one begins
• Q Why does a Frenchman have only one egg for
  breakfast?
• A Because one egg is an oeuf.

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Phonetics Web Site

• Kleptomaniac (Johnny Carson JackWebb)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmhLLU0H34ms

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• References
• Bolinger, Dwight. Aspects of Language, Second
  Edition. New York, NY Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
  1975.
• Callary, Edward. Phonetics. in Language
  Readings in Language and Culture, Sixth Edition.
  Eds. Virginia Clark, Paul Eschholz, and Alfred
  Rosa. New York, NY Bedford, St. Martins, 1998,
  113-133.
• Eschholz, Paul, Alfred Rosa, and Virginia Clark.
  New York, NY Bedford/St. Martins, 2009.
• Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams.
  Phonetics The Sounds of Language. An
  Introduction to Language, 9th Edition. Boston,
  MA Thomson Wadsworth, 2011, 229-265.

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• Have, Paul ten. Doing Conversation Analysis A
  Practical Guide. London, England Sage, 2007.
• Klima, Edward, and Ursula Belugi. Sign Language.
  Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1979.
• Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen.
  Dialect Humor. Encyclopedia of 20th Century
  American Humor. Westport, CT Greenwood, 2000,
  101-104.
• Nilsen, Don L. F. English Spelling as a
  Morphophonemic System A Sociolinguistic
  Perspective. Wisconsin English Journal 33.2
  (1991) 25-37.
• Nilsen, Don L. F., and Alleen Pace Nilsen.
  Pronunciation Contrasts in English, 2nd Edition.
  Prospect Heights, IL Waveland Press 2010.