Chapter 5: Ecosystems and the Physical Environment

1
Chapter 5 Ecosystems and the Physical Environment
2
The Atmosphere
http//mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/ll125/en/atmos.ht
m
3
The Atmosphere
4
Hypothesis
1970s This theory proposed global
self-regulation.

• Gaea Greek goddess of Earth or mother Earth.

5
Hypothesis
Example Earths temperature has remained stable
due to organisms fixing CO2 into Calcium
Carbonate CaCO3 of shells. Corals, Crustacea
6
Planetary Temperature as aNegative Feedback loop?
Example A thermostat only turns on when the
temperature drops below the desirable temp. Once
it reaches the correct temperature the heat turns
off.
7
Energy and Matter
8
Do Now Biogeochemical cycles

• Identify the five Biogeochemical cycles.
• Identify some major reactions that occur for
  each.
• Discuss their importance, be sure to include the
  interaction between biotic abiotic factors.

9
Biogeochemical cycles

• Interaction between biotic abiotic.
• Transpiration, decomposition, Photosynthesis and
  respiration
• The recycling of materials to be used over over
  again.
• 5 examples are
• 1. Phosphorus cycle
• 2. Nitrogen cycle
• 3. Hydrologic cycle
• 4. Carbon cycle
• 5. Sulfur cycle

10
Do Now

• Draw a simple carbon for your bioregion. Include
  all the relevant processes as well as the local /
  regional geographical features that are part of
  the cycle.

11
The Carbon-Cycle

• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are recycled through
  the environment by the processes of respiration
  and photosynthesis.
• Carbon makes up0.038 of our atmosphere (CO2)
• Oceanic Carbon
• Carbonate (CO3 2- )
• Bicarbonate HCO3 - )
• Dissolved organics from decay
• Sedimentary Rock
• Limestone Calcium carbonate CaCO3

12
The Carbon-Cycle

• Atmospheric Carbon
• 0.038 of our atmosphere carbon dioxide CO2
• Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
• Oceanic Carbon
• Carbonate (CO3 2- )
• Bicarbonate (HCO3 - )
• Dissolved organics from decay
• Sedimentary Rock
• Limestone AKA Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

13
The Carbon-Cycle

• CO2 H20? Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)
• (combines in rainwater)
• 2. H2CO3- ? HCO3 - and H
• (dissociates in soil)
• 3. H (acidic) breaks down feldspar? Ca2
• 4. H2CO3- Ca2 ? CaCO3
• (in runoff combines) forming
• 5. CaCO3 in runoff up taken and used by oceanic
  organisms
• 6. Organisms die, sedimentation occurs forming
  Limestone

14
Carbon Cycle
15
The Carbon cycle
The Carbon-Cycle
16
The Carbon-Cycle
C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O ? 6CO2 12H2O 36ATPs
6CO2 12H2O light ? C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O
17
Remember Photosynthesis ??
18
Respiration

• The transfer of stored energy in food molecules
  to a form usable by the organism.
• Involves the exchange of gases between the
  organism and the environment.

19
Process

• Through the process of respiration, the organism
  produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which will
  be used for energy.

20
Respiration

• Respiration- is an organisms ability to create
  energy. (ATP)

Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
21
1. Cellular Respiration

• Involves a series of enzyme-controlled reactions
  in which energy in food is broken down into
  energy that the organism can use (ATP)

22
a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released
and ADP is formed

• ADP adenosine diphosphate
• H2O ATP ? ADP P energy
• This is the energy used by the body to carry out
  the functions of life

23
Types of Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration
• -involves the use of oxygen
• 2. Anaerobic Respiration
• -oxygen is not used

24
Anaerobic Respiration

• Also known as Fermentation
• Does not require oxygen
• Takes place in the cytoplasm of cell
• Glucose is either broken down into lactic acid or
  alcohol and CO2
• As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a
  net gain of 2 ATPs

25
Equations for Anaerobic Respiration

• glucose ? 2 lactic acids 2 ATPs
• glucose ? 2 alcohol 2 CO2 2 ATPs
• In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain
  of 2 ATPs are produced

26
Aerobic Respiration

• Requires oxygen
• Takes place in the mitochondria
• When we say that glucose is oxidized, we say that
  it is broken down with the help of oxygen
  molecules

http//www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/dcp/bio113a/ch91
0comp.html
27
Summary

• Anaerobic Respiration 2 ATPs
• Aerobic Respiration 36 ATPs
• Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient
  than anaerobic respiration

28
The Carbon-Cycle
29
Glycolysis
30
(No Transcript)
31
(No Transcript)
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
Mitochondrion

• An oval membrane enclosed organelle in which
  most of the reactions of cellular respiration
  occur.

36

• Aerobic Respiration (Net gain of ATP)
• Glycolysis (2 ATPs)
• Krebs Cycle (2 ATPs)
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (32 ATPs)

37
Nitrogen Cycle
http//www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/multimed
ia/index.php?Page280

• Nitrogen is needed by all living things because
  it is part of the structure of amino acids and
  proteins.
• The Nitrogen cycle includes the following
  reactions nitrogen-fixation, nitrification,
  ammonification, and denitrification.
• Humans have increased fixed nitrogen levels
  (smog, and acid rain HNO3 Nitric acid)

38
Nitrogen Cycle

• In this cycle, nitrogenous wastes and the remains
  of dead organisms are converted by decomposers
  and soil bacteria into compounds that can be used
  by autotrophs.
• 5 steps
• Nitrogen fixation N2?NH3
• Nitrification NH3 ? NO2- ? NO3-
• Assimilation N-based compounds into tissues
• Ammonification waste ? NH3, NH4,
• Denitrification (NH3, NO2-, NO3-) ? N2

39
The Nitrogen Cycle
N2
Urea
NH3,
(NO2-, NO3-)
40
Nitrogen Cycle
41
Nitrogen Cycle
42

• Nitrogen fixation Occurs in Legumes Roots
  (clover) N2?NH3

Ammonification ? NH3, NH4, Ammonifying
bacteria use animal wastes (urea and uric acid)
Nitrification bacteria convert NH3 ? NO2- ?
NO3-
Denitrification Bacteria convert (Anaerobic
nitrifying Bacteria) NH3 ? N2
NO2- ? N2 NO3- ? N2
43
Nitrogen Cycle

• The Nitrogen cycle includes the following
  reactions
• 1. Nitrogen Fixation the conversion of N2 to
  NH3 (ammonia) by Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
  (Rhizobium in legume root nodules) as well as
  cyanobacteria (Anabaena heterocysts).
• Nitrogen is fixed into a form that can be
  used. Bacteria use nitrogenase (shielded from
  O2) to split N2.
• Also lightning volcanic activity.

44
Nitrogen Cycle

• 2. Nitrification the conversion of ammonia NH3
  or ammonium NH4 to NO3-.(when water reacts with
  ammonia).
• Soil bacteria such as Nitrosomonas Nitrococcus
  start NH3 or ammonium NH4 to NO2-
• Then Nitrobacter oxidizes NO2- to NO3-.

45
Nitrogen Cycle

• 3. Assimilation the conversion of inorganic N
  (NO3-, NH3, NH4) to organic molecules (amino
  acids proteins).

46
Nitrogen Cycle

• 4. Ammonification the conversion of organic N
  (amino acids proteins) to NH3 NH4, performed
  by Ammonifying bacteria. (Creating ammonia or
  ammonium)
• Conversion of Nitrogenous wastes

47
Nitrogen Cycle
48
Nitrogen Cycle

• 5. Denitrification the conversion (reduction) of
  NO3- to N2 performed by denitrifying bacteria.

49

• The nitrogen cycle.

50
Nitrogen Cycle
51
The Nitrogen-Cycle
52
Do Now answer

• Explain the meaning of nitrogen fixation. Give
  a specific example of an organism capable of this
  process and discuss the relationship this
  organism has with plants.

53
Do Now answer

• Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of gaseous
  nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) by bacteria, Rhizobium,
  that live inside special swellings, or nodules on
  the roots of legumes such as beans or peas. The
  relationship is mutualistic. The bacteria
  receive carbohydrates from the plant, and the
  plant receives nitrogen in a form it can use.

54
The Phosphorus-Cycle

• Nongaseous phosphorus cycles from land to
  sediments in the ocean and then back to land.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all
life forms. Phosphorus plays a role in
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid
(RNA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).
55
The Phosphorus-Cycle
56
The Phosphorus-Cycle
57
The Phosphorus-Cycle

• In freshwater and marine systems exists in either
  a particulate phase or a dissolved phase.
• Particulate matter includes living and dead
  plankton, precipitates of phosphorus, phosphorus
  adsorbed to particulates, and amorphous
  phosphorus.
• Dissolved phase includes inorganic phosphorus
  (generally in the soluble orthophosphate form),
  organic phosphorus excreted by organisms, and
  macromolecular colloidal phosphorus.

58
The Phosphorus-Cycle

• In freshwater and marine systems exists in either
  a particulate phase or a dissolved phase.
• Particulate matter includes living and dead
  plankton precipitates of phosphorus.

59
The Phosphorus-Cycle
60
The Sulfur-Cycle
61
(No Transcript)
62
Hydrologic Cycle
63
Hydrologic Cycle
64
Hydrologic Cycle

• Here water moves between the earths surface and
  the atmosphere.
• Evaporation, Condensation, aerobic respiration
  and transpiration in plants.
• Estuaries are areas where fresh water meets
  marine areas.
• Watersheds are large areas where runoff drains
  from the terrestrial to the marine environments.
  These areas filter the water as well.

65
Hydrologic Cycle
66
The Hydrologic-Cycle
The Effect of Aerosols?
67
DO NOW Pick any one cycle and describe it as
scientifically as possible.
68
DO NOW

• Bacteria are key participants in the sulfur and
  nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Briefly describe
  the role of oxygen in the various bacterias
  ability to process sulfur and nitrogen.

69
DO NOW answers

• Bacteria drive both the sulfur and nitrogen
  cycles. In freshwater wetlands, tidal flats, and
  flooded soils, which are oxygen-deficient,
  bacteria convert sulfates to hydrogen sulfide
  gas, which is released into the atmosphere. Or
  the bacteria convert sulfates to metallic
  sulfides, which are deposited as rock. In the
  absence of oxygen, other bacteria perform an
  ancient type of photosynthesis that uses hydrogen
  sulfide instead of water. Where oxygen is
  present, different bacteria oxidize sulfur
  compounds to sulfates.
• Bacteria that reside in the root nodules of
  legume plants have the ability to convert gaseous
  nitrogen to ammonia. These nitrogen-fixing
  bacteria, including cyanobacteria and Rhizobium,
  employ the enzyme nitrogenase to split diatomic
  atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and combine the
  resulting single nitrogen atoms with hydrogen.
  Nitrogenase functions only in the absence of
  oxygen.

70
DO NOW List and briefly explain three ways in
which human activities are impacting the
biogeochemical cycles
71
Some Human Effects on Biochemical Cycles

• The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and
  natural gas release CO2 into the atmosphere at a
  rate greater than the carbon cycle can handle.
  This increase of carbon dioxide may contribute to
  global warming which could result in a rise in
  sea level, changes in precipitation patterns,
  death of forests, extinction of organisms and
  problems for agriculture.
• In addition, humans more than doubled the amount
  of fixed nitrogen entering the global nitrogen
  cycle in the 20th century through the use of
  chemical fertilizers.
• Precipitation washes nitrogen fertilizer into
  rivers, lakes and coastal waters stimulating the
  growth of algae. These algae die and their
  decomposition by bacteria robs the water of
  dissolved oxygen contributing to fish kills. The
  nitrates from fertilizer can also leach through
  the soil and contaminate groundwater used by many
  for drinking water.
• Humans affect the phosphorus cycle by
  accelerating the long-term loss of phosphorus
  from the land. For example, corn grown in Iowa
  (which contains phosphate absorbed from the
  soil), fattens cattle in Illinois (some phosphate
  ends up in feedlot wastes), which are eaten by
  humans in Texas (more phosphate in human wastes
  ending up in sewer systems). Sewage treatment
  rarely removes phosphorus and thus phosphorus
  washes into the ocean where it remains for
  millions of years.

72
II. Solar Radiation

• Most of the energy produced by the sun never
  reaches the Earth.
• 30 reflected into outerspace.
• 47 is absorbed by the atmoshpere.
• 23 runs the hydrologic cycle.
• Less than 1 drives the wind and the ocean
  currents.
• 0.02 is captured for photosynthesis.
• Energy then is lost as infrared radiation
  (reradiation).

73
(No Transcript)
74
The Sun
Albedo The reflective property of the Earths
surface. Caption and image courtesy of the
Snowball Earth Web site Ice albedo is a critical
variable in snowball earth climate models
snow-covered ice has a high albedo (0.9),
bubble-free (mature) marine ice has relatively
low albedo (0.4) and bubble-rich glacial ice
(compacted snow) has intermediate albedo (0.65).
75

• Glaciers and ice sheets reflect 80 to 90
• of the sunlight that hits their surfaces.
• Asphalt and buildings have low Albedos and
  reflect 10 15.
• Oceans and forests reflect only about 5.

76
IIa. Temperature changes with latitudeDue to
intensity
77
IIb. Temperature changes with seasons (23.5
degrees)
78
Layers of the Atmosphere

• Troposhere
• extends up to a height of approximately 10km
  (6.2mi).
• For every in the temperature-6C
• Weather occurs here
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

79
III. The Atmosphere

• Layers of the Atmosphere
• Atmospheric Circulation
• Surface winds
• Coriolis Effect
• Prevailing winds
• Polar easterlies
• North pole blow Northeast, South pole southwest
• Westerlies and trade wins
• Patterns of Circulation in the ocean
• Gyres and Currents
• Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water (density)
• Ocean Interactions width the Atmosphere
• EL NIÑO, LA NIÑA

80
Atmospheric Circulation
Winds complex horizontal movements of the
atmosphere.
81
Atmospheric Circulation
82
Atmospheric Oceanic Circulation

• Coriolis Effect Earths rotation from West to
  East causes air/currents to swerve to the right
  of the direction in which its traveling in the
  northern hemisphere and to the left in the
  southern hemisphere.

Human change of Earths rotation?
83
Patterns of Circulation in the ocean
Surface Ocean Currents

• Prevailing winds generate gyres (circular ocean
  patterns)

• Caused largely by winds and partly the coriolis
  effect.
• Main ocean currents flow
• Northern Hemisphere- clockwise
• Southern Hemisphere counter clock wise

84
Landmasses affect ocean circulation.Which is
most unimpeded?
Southern Hemisphere
Northern Hemisphere
85
Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water.

• Ocean Conveyor Belt
• (Cold is denser then hot)
• Coriolis effect more pronounced at greater depths
• What happened 11000-12,000 years ago?
• Heat transfer issue???
• Unintentional link between global warming and
  ocean conveyor belt

86
Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water.

• Ocean Conveyor Belt

87
Do Now

• What is an ENSO event and what causes it to
  occur? (provide more then a decrease in trade
  winds) Please include in your discussion
• Define ENSO?
• What is oscillating?
• What effects does an ENSO event have on marine
  life?
• How does an ENSO even manage to have such
  far-reaching impact?

88
Do Now Answer

• El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a
  periodic, large-scale warming of surface waters
  of the eastern Pacific Ocean. This warming
  temporarily alters both ocean and atmospheric
  circulation patterns.
• Normally, westward-blowing trade winds confine
  the warmest waters to the western Pacific (near
  Australia). Every 3-7 years, however, these
  trade winds weaken allowing the warm mass of
  water to expand eastward to South America.
• The increasing surface temperatures in the East
  Pacific cause ocean currents, which normally flow
  westward in this area, to slow down, stop
  altogether, or even reverse and go eastward. The
  warmer surface ocean temperatures prevent
  upwelling of the nutrient-rich deep water.
• The lack of nutrients in the water results in a
  severe decrease in the populations of marine
  fish.
• ENSO has such a far-reaching impact because it
  alters global air currents, directing unusual
  weather to areas far from the tropical Pacific.
  ENSO have been responsible for torrential rains,
  droughts, wildfires, heavy snows, deaths and
  property damage.

89
EL NIÑO (ENSO)

• EL NIÑO Southern Oscillation event is a periodic
  warming of surface waters of the tropical East
  Pacific that alters both ocean atmospheric
  circulation.
• Upwelling?
• LA NIÑA surface water in the eastern Pacific
  becomes unusually cool.

90
EL NIÑO
91
Climate associated with ENSO
92
Coastal upwelling weakens during ENSO events.
93
Do Now

• How does ENSO affect local fisheries?

94
(No Transcript)
95
(No Transcript)
96

• Animation Of An Idealized El Niño/La Niña Cycle
  in the Pacific showing anomalies of sea-surface
  height (the grid in the animation) and anomalies
  of sea-surface temperature (the color of the
  grid). The weakening of trades in the western
  equatorial Pacific causes warm water in the upper
  layer of the equatorial region to move eastward,
  leading to higher sea level and warmer water in
  the eastern equatorial Pacific. The wave of
  higher sea level (called a Kelvin wave) reflects
  off South America, and returns to the west at
  latitudes north and south of the equator.

97
Do Now answers

• Normally Colder deep water is 40m (130ft) below
  surface causes upwelling in response to trade
  winds.
• ENSO 152m (500ft) below surface
• The warmer surface temperatures and weak trade
  winds produce nutrient POOR waters devastating
  anchovies and other marine fisheries.
• Who now's who might be looking for food?????

98
ENSO flooding?
99
Climate average weather conditions
100
(No Transcript)
101
DO NOW

• Explain what is a rain shadow and how does it
  affect the local climate?

102
DO NOWANSWER

• The dry land on the side of a mountain, away from
  the prevailing wind, is a rain shadow. Rain
  shadows are formed because mountains force air to
  rise and remove moisture from humid air. The air
  cools as it rises, clouds form, and precipitation
  occurs.
• As the air mass moves down the other side of the
  mountain, it is warmed, thereby lessening the
  chance of precipitation of any remaining
  moisture. Deserts, characterized by lesser
  precipitation, tend form in this rain shadow of
  mountains.

103
Westcoast of America Rainshadow
104
Westcoast of America Rainshadow
105
(No Transcript)
106
Earths Core
107
Divergent Movement apart
108
The Richter Scale
109
Transform/Plate boundary
Mt. Pinatubo
Hotspot
110
(No Transcript)
111
Convergent/subduction
112
(No Transcript)
113
Transform Plate Boundary horizontally in opposite
but // directions.
114
Transform Plate Boundary horizontally in opposite
but // directions.Ex San Andreas fault