Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Evolution Genetic - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Evolution Genetic

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Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Evolution Genetic changes in a population through time. Occurs through natural selection Evolution Darwin s Finches ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms Evolution Genetic


1
Ecosystems and Living Organisms
Chapter 4
2
Evolution
  • Genetic changes in a population through time.
  • Occurs through natural selection

3
Evolution
  • Darwins Finches

4
Evolution
  • Kingdoms of Life

5
Biological Communities
  • Rotting Log Community

6
Biological Communities
  • Succession
  • How Communities Change over Time
  • Primary succession

7
Biological Communities
  • Succession How Communities Change over Time
  • Primary succession

Rocks
Lichens
Mosses
8
Biological Communities
  • Succession How Communities Change over Time
  • Primary succession

Rocks
Lichens
Mosses
9
Biological Communities
  • Secondary Succession

10
Another Example ofSecondary Succession
  • succession\succession.html

11
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Symbiosis
  • one species living in or on another species
  • results from coevolution

12
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Symbiosis
  • Three types

Termite video
1) Mutualism
13
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Symbiosis
  • Three types

2) Commensalism
14
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Symbiosis
  • Three types

3) Parasitism
15
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Predation predators consuming prey
  • Most common methodPursuit and Ambush

16
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Animals that consume plants herbivores
  • Animals that consume animals carnivores
  • (can be further subdivided based on prey type,
    such as an insectivore)

17
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Defenses against predators
  • Plant defenses
  • spines, thorns
  • leathery leaves
  • toxic chemicals

18
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Defenses against predators
  • Animal defenses
  • armor, spines

19
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Defenses against predators
  • Animal defenses
  • armor, spines
  • toxic chemicals
  • camouflage

20
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Quiz

21
Interactions Among Organisms
  • Competition
  • individuals attempting to utilize common
    resources
  • Intraspecific competition
  • Interspecific competition

22
The Ecological Niche
  • An organisms adaptations, use of resources,
    lifestyle, and habitat.
  • Fundamental vs. Realized Niche
  • Example Tale of Two Anoles

23
The Ecological Niche
  • Fundamental vs. Realized Niche

Overlap
Brown anole out-competes green anole, therefore .
. .
24
The Ecological Niche
  • Fundamental vs. Realized Niche

Overlap
25
The Ecological Niche
  • Limiting Resources

26
The Ecological Niche
  • Competitive Exclusion

27
The Ecological Niche
  • Competitive Exclusion

28
The Ecological Niche
  • Competitive Exclusion

29
The Ecological Niche
  • Resource partitioning

30
Keystone Species
  • Single species that strongly influences an entire
    community.
  • Example figs in tropical rain forests
  • - many organisms depend upon fruit
  • - usually avoid figs, but during certain times
    of the year, figs are only species bearing fruit
  • - if figs were eliminated, many of these
    organisms would die out

31
Species Richness
  • Number of different species in a community

32
Species Richness
Forest
Grassland
ECOTONE
Where edge effect occurs Typically greater
species richness
33
Species Richness
  • Species Richness and Ecosystem Services

Purify air / water
Forests,Grasslands
Produce / maintain soil
Absorb CO2
Wildlife habitat
Freshwater systems
Moderate water flow
Mitigate flooding
Dilute / remove pollutants
Drinking water
Recreation
34
Species Richness
  • Species Richness and Community Stability
  • Greater the richness Greater the stability
  • Read about Species Richness in Lake Victoria
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