The Characteristics of Living Things

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The Characteristics of Living Things
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The Characteristics of Living Things

• Great Complexity Organization
• Composed of Cells
• Reproduction Development
• Mechanism for Inheritance
• Metabolism Homeostasis
• Interaction with the Environment
• Evolution (Adaptation)

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Great Complexity and Organization

• Living things are made of the same materials as
  everything else in the universe
• are assembled into molecules
• Living things are more organized , more complex
• Living things require energy to carry out life
  processes

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The Hierarchy of Life

• Atoms
• Molecules
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organisms
• Populations
• Communities
• Ecosystems
• Biosphere

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Atoms
proton
neutron
electron
hydrogen atom
helium atom
carbon atom
1p, 0n, 1e-
2p, 2n, 2e-
6p, 6n, 6e-
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Some Elements
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Simple Inorganic Molecules

• Water (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Molecular Oxygen (O2)
• Ammonium (NH3)
• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

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Biological Compounds
Categories
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Organic Building Block Molecules
Simple Sugars (e.g., glucose C6H12O6) Amino
Acids (e.g., glycine C2H5O2N) Nucleotide
Bases (e.g., adenine C5H5N4)
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Cell Organelles
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Cell
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Tissues
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Organs
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Organ Systems
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Organisms
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Populations
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Communities
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Ecosystems
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The Biosphere
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Levels of Sturctural Organization
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Eukaryotic Animal Cell
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Eukaryotic Plant Cell
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Classification Six kingdom system

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
E. coli
Cyanobacteria
Protista
Paramecium
Diatom
Slime mold
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
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Asexual Reproduction
Coral polyp budding
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Sexual Reproduction
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Both Sexual Asexual
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Development
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DNA
Contains information for almost all cell
activities
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Metabolism

• The sum total of the chemical processes that
  occur in living organisms, resulting in growth,
  production of energy, elimination of waste
  material, etc.
• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

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Cellular Respiration

• C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6H2O 6CO2 energy

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Photosynthesis

• 6H2O 6CO2 light ? C6H12O6 6O2

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• Autotrophs
• Organisms that make their own food (like plants,
  some protists, and some bacteria)
• Plants capture energy from the sun, use water and
  carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches

Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
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• Heterotrophs
• Organisms that take in food to meet their energy
  needs
• Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and
  other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs

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• Is a Coral a Heterotroph or Autotroph?

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Homeostasis

• Maintenance of constant internal conditions in
  varying environments
• Adaptation of organisms to specific environments

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Homeostasis
Three big problems

• Obtaining energy and nutrients
• Maintaining temperature
• Obtaining and holding onto water

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Body Temperature Regulation
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Temperature Control

• Ectotherms (Poikilotherms)
• Generate body heat metabolically, but cannot
  maintain constant internal body temperature
• Body temperature mimics the surrounding
  environment

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Ectotherms

• Most ectotherms regulate their body temperature
  by
• basking
• moving between shade/sun
• being active at certain times of day

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Temperature Control

• Endotherms (homeothermic)
• Generate body heat metabolically and body
  temperature does not match the temperature of the
  surrounding environment
• These organisms retain metabolic heat and can
  control metabolism to maintain a constant
  internal temperature

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Interaction with the environment

• Living things interact with each other and with
  the environment
• Ecology the study of these interactions
• Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish
• Humans eat fish
• What if something happened to the fish?

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Interaction with the Environment
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Evolution
Change in the genetic composition of a population
through time
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Evolution

• Inherited change in the characteristics of
  organisms over time
• Living things are slowly changing
• Process of natural selection results in change
  over time
• Organisms with favorable genes are more likely to
  survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable
  genes

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Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change

• Production of heritable variations
• Natural Selection
• Chance

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Heredity

• Transmission of characteristics from parent to
  offspring
• Instructions from parent to offspring are passed
  on in the form of genes

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Heritable variations
Blood type
Dwarfism
Albinism
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Adaptations

• The structural, functional, and behavioral
  features that contribute to the success of a
  species.

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Natural Selection

• Peppered Moths study in England 1800s More
  light than dark moths
• Industrial pollution turned trees dark
• Population shifted to mostly dark moths

Peppered Moth Exercise http//www.techapps.net/int
eractives/pepperMoths.swf
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Natural Selection
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Inquiry
1. Define Homeostasis, photoautotroph,
chemoautotroph, heterotroph 2. What is a group
of different organisms living in the same
geographic are called? 3. What 3 features do
plant cells have that animal cells dont? 4.
Which 4 elements make up living things? 5. What
is the equation for photosynthesis?