Basic Electronic Components

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Basic Electronic Components
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Crystals
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Equivalent Circuit to Crystal
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Crystal Schematic Symbol
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Piezoelectric Crystals

• Squeezing the crystal produces an EMF
• Squeeze the x-axis and a voltage difference
  occurs on the y-axis
• Place a voltage difference on the y-axis and the
  x-axis contracts or expands

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Switches
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Relays

• Relay
• Consists of two parts coil and switch
• Current flowing through the coil will create
  magnetic field
• A strong enough magnetic field will pull the
  switch
• When current stops, switch moves back into
  original position
• SPST Single Post, Single Throw
• SPDT Single Post, Double Throw three switch
  positions

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Light Bulb
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Tube Diode

• Tube diodes have three elements
• FilamentHeats up cathode so it can donate
  electrons easily
• Anode (positively charged plate) emitter of
  electrons
• Cathode (negatively charged plate)collector of
  electrons
• Current only flows in one direction from anode to
  cathode
• When reverse biased, no current flow

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Effect of Diode on AC voltage source
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Diode plus capacitor
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TriodeAddition of another element called the
grid

• Grid is a metallic mesh (holes to let electrons
  flow through).
• How many electrons flow through grid depends on
  charge
• Negatively charged grid repels electrons
• Positively charged grid attracts electrons
• The ratio of the voltage into a triode to the
  voltage supplied by the triode is called the
  gain (gainvoltage out/ voltage in)

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Old School Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
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Structure of germanium (similar to silicon)
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Ge doped with Arsenic (As)
Note the extra electron
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Voltage applied to Ge(As)
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Ge doped with Indium
Note missing electron
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Voltage applied to Ge(In)
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A PN junction

• Ge(In) Ge(As)
• Note more positive charge carriers on left than
  right

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Applying a positive voltage to the N side (called
reverse biased)
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A forward biased PN junction

• Note that the behavior of a PN junction is
  exactly like that of a diode
• Current can only flow one way

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Schematic Diagram of Diode

• Other diodes
• Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Give off light as current passes through them
• Dark when forward biased

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How Transistors Work
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Op-Amps Equivalent Circuit
Transistor Symbol
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Chip Layouts for Op Amps
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Schematic and Necessary Inputs to Op Amps
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Inverting Amplifiers

• Output voltage is negative of input voltage
• Gain (G) is equal to
• G-R2/R1
• Inverting, unity amplifier when R2R1
• If we replace R2 with a capacitor circuit
  becomes an integrator
• Since G is now a function of w, then lower
  frequencies are amplified with a greater than 1
  gain
• Called a low pass filter
• If we replace R1 with a capacitor-then lower
  frequencies are attenuated
• Called a high pass filter
• Sometimes called a differentiator

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Non-inverting Amplifiers

• G 1 (R2/R1)