U.S. Transitions in Cuba and the Philippines

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Lessons of History
U.S. Transitions in Cuba and the Philippines
Mr. Lou DiMarco Department of Military
History U.S. Army Command and General Staff
College
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Cuban Stability Operations 1898-1902
End State Independent Cuba or
Annexation? Means Military Government Ways
Occupation 1899 Gen Brooke Governorship Gen
Wood Governorship Economic Obstacles Constitutio
n and the Platt Amendment 1901 Independence 1902
Failure and Reoccupation 1906
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Example of Stability Lines of Effort US Army FM
3-07 (2008)
END STATE
Establish Civil Security
Safe / Secure Environment
Support to Governance
Established Rule of Law
Restore Essential Services
Social Well-Being
Establish Civil Control
Stable Democracy
Support to Economic/ Infrastructure Dev
Sustainable Economy
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Cuban Stability Operations 1898-1902
National Rural Guard Established
Provincial / Municipal Police Forces
Demobilize Cuban Insurrection Army
Occupation Forces Arrive
Establish Civil Security
General Leonard Wood Military Governor
Suffrage Guidance
Provincial Mil Governors
Platt Amendment
Support to Governance
General Robert Brooke Mil Governor
Establish Control of Revenue Service
Judicial Reform
Prov. Governors Stand-down
Yellow Fever Board
Restore Essential Services
Renovate Telegraph Sys
Postal Service Est.
National Elections
National Sanitation Program
National Census Conducted
Constitutional Assembly
Establish Civil Control
Indigenous Government Cabinet Est.
1st Provincial Elections
Railroad Funding Approved
2d Provincial Elections
Transition From Mil Gov to President
Support to Economic/ Infrastructure Dev
Teacher Training Program
Harbor Dredging / Light Houses
Road Construction / Public Works
Forincker Amendment
Schools Built
Failure to Achieve Trade Agreement
1902
1900
1899
1901
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Philippine Stability Operations 1898-1946
End State Annexation U.S. Territory? Statehood
? Independence? Means Civil Administration /
Military Occupation Ways Conventional War
1899-1900 Insurgent War 1901-1902 (police and
military forces) Military Governor
1899-1901 Civil Governor beginning 1901 Moro
Insurgency 1900 - 1906 Civil Government
1907,1917, 1935 Commonwealth Established
1935 Independence 1946
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Philippine Stability Operations 1898-1946
U.S. Occupation Forces Arrive
War Betw U.S. and Filipino Forces
Japanese Occupation Independence
Philippine Army formed 1936
Admiral Dewey Victory
Philippine Constabulary Established
Filipino Cdr Appt
Insurrection Ends
Establish Civil Security
Aquinaldo Captured
General Amnesty
Constabulary School Est
GovTaft 1901
99 Year U.S. Basing
Gov. Wright Appointed 1904
Support to Governance
Senate Annexes Philippines
Tydings-McDuffie Act
Last US Gov
Judicial Reform
Philippine Com. Legislature
New Organic Law
Restore Essential Services
Aquinald Declares Independence
Presidential Elections
Commonwealth Reestablished
Lower House Elected
1935 Commonwealth Established
Independence
Senate Elected
Establish Civil Control
Independence Promised
Parity Amendment to Const. 1947
Constitution Approved
Support to Economic/ Infrastructure Dev
Education Reform
English Official Lang
Monetary Reform
1942-1944
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Early Twentieth Century Occupation
OperationsDominating Issues

• Domestic U.S. politics and policy
• Civil Administration versus Military
  Administration
• The Influence of Insurgency
• Importance of Economics
• Importance of Culture
• Timelines (slow versus long)