Sectionalism

1
Sectionalism

• Regional Conflict and Attempts at Compromise.
• Or
• Events Leading to the Civil War.

2
Early Efforts to Abolish Slavery (1774 1804)

• In 1777 Vermont wrote a state constitution
  abolishing slavery.
• State constitutions were written in Massachusetts
  in 1780, and by New Hampshire in 1783, which
  implied the abolition of slavery.
• Gradual abolition was begun in Pennsylvania in
  1780, in Rhode Island and Connecticut in 1784, in
  New York in 1799, and in New Jersey in 1804.

3
Early Efforts to Abolish Slavery (1774 1804)

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 outlawed slavery
  north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi,
  including the present states of Ohio, Illinois,
  Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of
  Minnesota.

4
Constitutional Convention (1787)

• 3/5 Compromise
• In 1808 the importation of slaves end (Art. 1,
  Sec. 2)
• Fugitive Slave Laws (Art. 4, Sec.2)

5
Missouri Compromise (1820)

• States 1819 or before
• Free Slave
• Connecticut (1788) Alabama (1819)

6
Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri enters as a slave state. Maine enters
  the union as a free state. This maintained the
  balance of power between free and slave states in
  the Senate at 12 each.
• Prohibited slavery in the remainder of the
  Louisiana Purchase north of 36 degrees 30 (the
  southern border of Missouri.)

7
Nullification and Secession

• 1798 1799 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• They were written by Thomas Jefferson and James
  Madison in reaction to the Sedition Acts (Alien
  and Sedition Acts).
• Jefferson argued that states had the power to
  nullify laws passed by Congress if Congress
  acted outside the powers given to it in the
  Constitution.
• These resolutions were considered some of the
  first arguments for states rights.

8
Hartford Convention (1814)

• In December of 1814 delegates from 5 New England
  states met in Hartford Connecticut to protest the
  War of 1812.
• Power had shifted from the Federalist Party to
  the Republican Party.
• Some Federalists suggested that states could
  refuse to send militia into service.
• Some Federalists suggested secession from the
  Union.

9
Tariff of Abominations (1828)

• In 1828 Congress passed an unusually high
  protective tariff. Some manufactured goods from
  Europe had a tariff as high as 50.
• The tariff protected Northern factories from
  competition with European manufacturers.
• Northerners generally favored high protective
  tariffs.

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Tariff of Abominations (1828)

• Southern reaction
• Southerners did not benefit from the tariff.
• Most Southerners wanted the option of buying
  goods from Europe.
• Southerners were afraid that European powers
  would place a tariff on their cotton making it
  too expensive (e.g. no more King Cotton).
• John C. Calhoun, writes his South Carolina
  Exposition and Protest. Calhoun says that states
  have the right to nullify any federal law it
  doesnt like.

12
Tariff of Abominations (1828)

• 1833 South Carolina nullifies a slightly lower
  tariff passed by Congress.
• Congress, at the request of President Jackson,
  passed the Force Bill. South Carolina Nullifies
  it as well and says it will fight any army which
  marches in the state.
• Henry Clay works out a compromise in Congress
  which removed some of the taxes and South
  Carolina rescinded its nullification.

13
Power in Government

• North - favored strong National Government
• South - favored strong State Governments

14
William Lloyd Garrison

• published The Liberator (1831)
• Garrison was a radical abolitionist who published
  an anti-slavery newspaper in Boston. He called
  for an immediate end to slavery and portrayed
  slave owners as evil.

Let Southern oppressors tremble.. In
defending the great cause of human rights, I wish
to derive the assistance of all religions and of
all parties. .. I am in earnest -- I will not
equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not
retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.
15
Abolitionist Profiles

• The Grimke Sisters
• Among the first women to speak out against
  slavery
• They were Southern women who opposed slavery
• Frederick Douglass
• Former slave
• Edited the antislavery newspaper, The North Star
• Best known African-American abolitionist

The Grimke Sisters
Frederick Douglass
16
Abolitionist Profiles

• Sojourner Truth
• (Isabella Van Wagener)
• (1797?-1883)
• She was born a slave in, N.Y., became the most
  famous antislavery spokeswoman. In 1843 she said
  that God called upon her to "travel up and down
  the land" and preach his word. She changed her
  name to Sojourner (meaning traveler) Truth and
  set out on a lecture tour to speak out about
  religion, slavery, and women's issues. Although
  she could neither read nor write, she was a
  captivating orator.

17
Abolitionist Profiles

• David Walker (1785-1830)
• He was born a free black, born in Wilmington,
  N.C., settled in Boston in 1827. He became a
  charter member of the Massachusetts Colored
  General Association and contributed to Freedom's
  Journal. In 1829, Walker published a 76-page
  pamphlet, An Appeal to the Colored People of the
  World, urging slaves to rise up against their
  oppressors, convinced that violence was the only
  sure way to gain freedom. Walker's Appeal
  outraged slaveholders. He died mysteriously in
  1830. Most abolitionists believed he had been
  poisoned.

18
Nat Turners Rebellion (1831)

• Describe the event
• How did Southerners react to the event?
• How did this event create bad feelings between
  Northerners in Free States and Southerners in
  Slave States?

19
Underground Railroad (c. 1835)

• What was it?
• How did it operate?
• How did this event create bad feelings between
  Northerners in Free States and Southerners in
  Slave States?

20
Wilmot Proviso (1846)

• What was it?
• How did this event create bad feelings between
  Northerners in Free States and Southerners in
  Slave States?

21
Compromise of 1850

• Proposed by Henry Clay (Great Peacemaker)
• California enters the Union as a free state.
• In the remainder of the Mexican Cession the
  states would decide the slavery issue for
  themselves. Popular sovereignty would decide the
  issue in the Utah Territory (Nevada and Utah) and
  in the New Mexico Territory (Arizona and New
  Mexico).
• Stricter fugitive slave laws were passed
• No slave trade in the District of Columbia

22
The story opens in Kentucky. To satisfy a debt,
Arthur Shelby is obliged to sell his faithful
slave Tom, a devoutly religious man, and a child
Harry, son of Eliza. Hearing that her child is to
be sold away from her, Eliza escapes and, after a
desperate flight across the ice of the Ohio River
reaches safety among the Quakers of the
Underground Railroad. Later, her husband, George
Harris, joins her. Tom, while on a Mississippi
River steamboat taking him to be sold downriver,
saves from drowning Eva, the young daughter of a
wealthy Louisiana planter, Augustine St. Clare.
In gratitude, St. Clare buys Tom as a household
servant, but after St. Clare's death Tom is sold
to Simon Legree, the brutal owner of a Red River
plantation. There the final acts of the tragedy
take place, as young George Shelby arrives too
late to redeem his old favorite servant.
Ferguson, DeLancey. "Uncle Tom's Cabin or, Life
among the Lowly." Encyclopedia Americana. 2008.
23
Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)

• Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a fictional novel
  about slavery that became a best-seller.
• The novel portrayed slave owners in a very
  negative way.
• Southerners very critical of the author and her
  work.
• Many Northerners, after reading the novel, became
  critical of the institution of slavery.

24
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• Popular sovereignty will decide the legality of
  slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories.
• The 36 deg. 30 line is no longer the rule (This
  voids the Missouri Compromise).

25
Bleeding Kansas (1855-56)

• Pro-slavery v. anti-slavery forces
• Some say the first shots of the Civil War were
  actually fired in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas)

26
Dred Scott (1857)

• What was it?
• How did this event create bad feelings between
  Northerners in Free States and Southerners in
  Slave States?

27
John Browns Raid (1859)

• Describe the event
• How did this event create bad feelings between
  Northerners in Free States and Southerners in
  Slave States?

28
Presidential Election of 1860

• The Democratic and Whig Parties had split over
  the issue of Slavery.
• Democrats run two candidates
• Northerner - Douglas Southerner - Breckinridge
• The Constitutional Union Party formed from
  remnants of Whig Party and chose John Bell of
  Tennessee as their candidate.
• Republicans nominate Lincoln
• Lincoln elected - votes came from one part of the
  country the North
• South Carolina seceded (Dec. 20, 1860)