Morphemes

1
Morphemes
2
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i

dana
xub
daroSt
bozorg
Sirin

danai
xubi
daroSti
bozorgi
Sirini
3
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i
Noun Former
Persian English
dana wise
xub good
daroSt thick
bozorg big
Sirin sweet
Persian English
danai wisdom
xubi goodness
daroSti thickness
bozorgi size
Sirini sweetness
4
A little Persian
Suffix
Morpheme
-i
Noun Former





Sirin sweet





Sirini sweetness
Simplex
Complex
adjective gt adjective-affixnoun
Noun
Noun
Af
Adjective
Adj
Adjective
Adj
Af
5
The smallest signifier/signified bundles

• un-
• Antonym former
• re-
• Iterative former
• draw
• Verb, to make representative marks
• -s
• Third-singular-present agreement former
• -ing
• Present-participle former

6
Homophony/PolysemyBut, matching the signifiers
and signifieds is not a piece of cake

• -ing
• Present-participle former
• Oriana is drawing the cat
• -ing
• Gerund former
• Orianas drawing of the cat is beautiful.
• -ing
• Adjective former
• Orianas drawing chalk is the white one

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SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology
Bound!Derivational!
What type is -i?

• Morpheme form
• free ( word)
• bound ( affix)
• prefix
• suffix
• infix
• circumfix

• Morpheme function
• derivational
• change meaning dramatically, and/or word category
• inflectional
• never change category, and only change meaning
  very subtly

Noun
Af
adjective
xubi
8
SignifierSemasiology
SignifiedOnomasiology

• Morpheme form
• free ( word)
• bound ( affix)
• prefix
• suffix
• infix
• circumfix

• Morpheme function
• derivational
• change meaning dramatically, and/or word category
• inflectional
• never change category, and only change meaning
  very subtly

Noun
Af
adjective
xubi

• adjective ? adjective-inoun

9
Affix rules

• prefix
• oldcategory ? affix-oldcategorynewcategory
• suffix
• oldcategory ? oldcategory-affixnewcategory
• infix
• oldcategory ? old-affix- categorynewcategory
• circumfix
• oldcategory ? af-oldcategory-fixnewcategory

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Affix rules

• Prefix e.g.
• un- adjective ? un-adjective adjective
• anti- adjective ? anti-adjective adjective
• auto- noun ? auto-noun noun
• suffix
• -er verb ? verb-ernoun
• -ness adjective ? adjective-nessnoun
• -ly adjective ? adjective-lyadverb

• unattractive
• anti-racist
• autobiography
• writer
• happiness
• quickly

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CompoundsMorphological analysis
Noun
Adjective
Noun
blackboard
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Free morphemeMorphological analysis
Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determ
iner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares?
?
fly
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Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Noun
fly
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Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Verb
fly
15
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Adjective
fly
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Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
?
Af
?
flies
17
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Noun
Af
Noun
Plural
flies
18
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Verb
Af
Verb
3rd singularpresentagreement
flies
19
Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)
Morphological analysis
Adjective
Af
Adjective
flies
20
Free morpheme Morphological analysis
Adjective
Adjective
?
?
Af
Adjective
Af
Adjective
flier
fliest
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Optionality
optionality
22
Optionality
Noun
optionality
23
Optionality
Noun
Adj
optionality
24
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
optionality
25
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
Verb
Af
Af
optionality
26
Optionality
Noun
Adj
Noun
Af
Verb
Af
Af
optionality
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Roots and stems
stems
optionality
root
28
Ainu (Japan)
haparu soft
ehaparu to be unable to endure
niSte hard
eniSte to be able to endure
pirka good
epirka to gain
wen bad
ewen to lose
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adjective gt e-adjectiveverb
e- verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
verb former Stativehave adjectival quality Activechange towardsstate described by adjective
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Ainu (Japan)
Verb
Adjective
Af
e pirka
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Bontoc (Philippines)
kumilad he is becoming red

• -um-
• third-person
• singular
• masculine
• inchoative
• verb-former

he, not I or you
he, not they
he, not she or it
becoming
is state change
32
Bontoc (Philippines)
k um ilad
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MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
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MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
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MorphophonologyZoque possessives
wakas cow
nwakas my cow
wjakas his cow

pama clothes
mpama my clothes
pjama his clothes
buRu donkey
mbuRu my donkey
bjuRu his donkey

kama cornfield
Nkama my cornfield
kjama his cornfield
36
MorphologyZoque possessives
-j- third-person singular masculine possessive
37
MorphologyZoque possessives
b j uRu
38
Morphology noun gt n-j-ounnoun
b j uRu
39
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
m-, n-, N- first-person singular possessive
40
MorphophonologyZoque possessives
Noun
Noun
Noun
Af
Af
Af
Noun
Noun
Noun
Assimilation in place of articulation
m pama
n wakas
N kama
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Chickasaw
Affirmative Affirmative Negative Negative
Word Translation Word Translation
chokma He is good. ikchokmo He isnt good.
lakna It is yellow. iklakno It isnt yellow.
palli It is hot. ikpallo It isnt hot.
tiwwi He opens it. iktiwwo He doesnt open it.
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Chickasaw
-a, -i third-person singular affirmative ik-
-o third-person singular negative
Verb forms chokm- lakn- pall- tiww-
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Chickasaw circumfix
verb gt ik-verb-overb
iklakno
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Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
Noun
Verb
Adj
Adj
Af
Af
Verb
postmodernism
iklakno
45
Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes
postmodernism
iklakno
46
English Circumfixes

• em-bold-en
• en-light-en
• ir-regard-less
• a-work-in
• a-turn-in
• a-change-in

47
English reduplication
dilly-dally heebie-jeebies chit-chat fiddle-faddl
e mumbo-jumbo hocus-pocus
48
English reduplication
boy toy toy boy pooper scooper artsy-fartsy walki
e-talkie wiggle-waggle
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English reduplication
Ping-pong vs.Table tennis
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English reduplication gang-bang
Onomasiologically extremely serious referents
Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form
51
English -er

• farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer,
  
• Londoner, Winnipeger,
• villager, foreigner,
• printer, toaster, heater, freezer,
• page-turner, reader, drawer,
• chatter, mutter, flicker,
• triple-decker, porker,

Agentive
Locative1 (geographic)
Locative2 (type)
Instrumental
Patient
Frequentive
Other
52
Radial networkEnglish -er
generalization
inversion
specialization
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Productivity

• The relative ability to produce new words.
• -er
• farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser,
  sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber,
  butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter,
  ludniffer,
• a-
• asexual, amoral, achromatic, ?

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Productivity

• petro-
• petroleum, Petrocanda, petrochemical,
  petrodollars, petropolitics,

• -cast
• broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast,
  podcast,

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Productivity

• cran-
• cranberry, cran-apple, cran-cherry, cran-grape,
  cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango,
• huckle-
• huckleberry
• rasp-
• raspberry

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Morphology

• Semasiological
• free (word)
• bound (affix)
• Onomasiological
• derivational (new word)
• inflectional (new function)
• Rules
• Structures
• Productivity

break
unbreakable
breakable
breaks
verb ? verb-affixadjective
breakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable,
blorkable,