Hannibal

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HANNIBAL
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AIM

• TO BRIEFLY PRESENT THE LIFE OF HANNIBAL OF
  CARTHAGE WITH SPEC REFERENCE TO BATTLE OF CANNAE

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SCHEME

• BRIEF OVER VIEW OF CARTHAGE
• HANNIBAL HIS EXPLOITS
• THE FALL OF HANNIBAL

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CARTHAGE AN OVERVIEW

• BEFORE HANNIBAL'S BIRTH, THE ROMANS WERE THE
  MASTER OF ITALY.
• CARTHAGE AT THAT TIME WAS A POWERFUL INDEPENDENT
  STATE IN NORTH AFRICA.

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• CATHAGE ALSO CONTROLLED THE MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS
  OF CORSICA, SARDINIA, AND SYRACUSE (NOW KNOW AS
  SICILY). 
• THIS LEFT HER VIRTUALLY AS THE MISTRESS OF THE
  MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

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ROME
CORSICA
SARDINIA
CARTHAGE
SYRACUSE
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• CARTHAGE HAD THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE RICH SILVER
  MINES NEAR GADES (CARDIZ).
• IT WAS ALSO A LDG TRADING POWER IN THE
  MEDITERRANEAN
• IT HAD A HUGE FLEET OF SHIPS,SPECIAL QUINQUIREMES
  (IT TOOK FIVE MEN TO PULL EACH OAR).

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• IT ALSO HAD A LARGE ARMY COMPOSED MAINLY OF
  MERCENARIES.
• THESE MERCENARIES INCL SWIFT CAV FROM NUMIDIA,
  STONE SLINGERS FROM MAJORCA, AND ARCHERS FROM
  GAUL.

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• THE CARTHAGINIANS WERE CONTENT BUT THE ROMANS
  WERE MILITARY EXPANSIONISTS.  SO THE ROMANS BROKE
  THEIR TREATY WITH THE CARTHAGINIANS BY EXPANDING
  THEIR EMPIRE INTO SICILY AND THE FIRST PUNIC WAR
  BEGAN (264 B.C.).

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• IN 247 B.C., HAMILCAR BARCA TOOK COMMAND OF THE
  CARTHAGINIAN ARMY AND HIS SON, HANNIBAL, WAS
  BORN.
• AFTER LOSING A DECISIVE SEA BATTLE, THE
  CARTHAGINIANS SUED FOR PEACE. 

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• ROME DEMANDED NOT ONLY SICILY, BUT CORSICA,
  SARDINIA, AND ALL THE ISLANDS BETWEEN SICILY AND
  AFRICA. 
• IN ADDITION, THE CARTHAGINIANS WERE COMPELLED TO
  PAY A LARGE TRIBUTE.

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• IN ORDER TO RECOUP THEIR LOSSES, THE CARTHAGIANS
  REBUILT THEIR EMPIRE IN SPAIN. 
• A NEW CARTHAGE WAS BUILT IN SPAIN WITH SAGUNTUM
  AS ONE OF ITS PROVINCES. THIS PROVINCE WAS
  INHABITED BY GREEKS.

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• IN 230 B.C., HAMILCAR WAS KILLED IN BATTLE, AND
  COMMAND OF THE ARMY WAS LEFT TO HIS SON-IN-LAW,
  HASDRUBAL.

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• DURING ALL THESE YEARS HANNIBAL CONTINUED TO
  GROW AS A TRUE SOLDIER.  WHEN HASDRUBAL WAS
  MURDERED IN 221 B.C., HANNIBAL WAS MADE THE NEW
  COMMANDER OF THE ARMY AT THE AGE OF TWENTY-SIX.

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HANNIBAL HIS EXPLOITS

• KNOWING THE LONG TERM GOAL OF THE ROMANS TO GAIN
  CONTROL OF NEW CARTHAGE, HANNIBAL DECIDED TO MAKE
  THE FIRST MOVE.  HE ATTACKED SAGUNTUM, WHERE
  GREEKS WITH THE ACTIVE SUPPORT OF THE ROMANS, HAD
  STARTED AN UPRISING.

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• AFTER PUTTING DOWN THE UPRISING HANNIBAL TURNED
  HIS EYES TOWARDS THE LONG HATED EN THE ROMANS

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HANNIBALS FAMOUS MARCH THROUGH ALPS

• WITH THIRTY-SEVEN ELEPHANTS, NEARLY EIGHTY
  THOUSAND INFANTRY AND CAVALRY HANNIBAL DECIDED TO
  INVADE ROME ITSELF
• FOR THIS PURPOSE HE DECIDED TO TAKE HIS ARMY
  THROUGH THE PYRENEES, ACROSS THE RHONE, OVER THE
  ALPS AND INTO ITALY. 

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• IT WAS AN AMBITIOUS PLAN,BUT DESPITE THE EXTREME
  HARDSHIPS OF CROSSING THE COLD, SNOW PACKED ALPS,
  HE SUCCEEDED.
• THIS WAS HOWEVER NOT WITH OUT THE LOSS OF ALL THE
  ELEPHANTS AND NEARLY TWO THIRDS OF HIS FORCE

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BATTLE OF CANNAE

• THIS BATTLE TOOK PLACE ON 2 AUG, 216 BC ON THE
  RIGHT BANK OF OFANTO RIVER NEAR ITALYS EAST
  COAST.
• THIS BATTLE IS A CLASSICAL EXAMPLE OF DOUBLE
  ENVELOPMENT MANEUVER

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MODERN DAY PICTURE OF CANNAE
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OPPOSING FORCES

• ROMANS
• 58,000 HEAVILY ARMED LEGIONAIRES
• 16000 LIGHT INFANTRY
• 6,000 CAVALRY
• TOTAL FORCE 80,000

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ROMAN LEGIONARE
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• HANNIBALS TROOPS
• 32,000 HEAVILY ARMED MEN (12,000 CARTHAGIANS,REST
  WERE GAULS IBERIANS)
• 8000 LIGHT INFANTRY
• 10,000 CAVALRY
• TOTAL 50,000

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• THUS THE ROMANS WERE STRONGER IN INFANTRY AT A
  RATIO OF 21 BUT WERE WEAKER IN CAVALRY.

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• THE ROMAN LEGIONS WERE LEAD BY TWO CONSULS PAULUS
  VARRO WHO WERE TO COMMAND THE ARMY ON ALTERNATE
  DAYS
• CONSUL PAULUS WAS CAUTIOUS AND WAS OPPOSED TO
  DIRECT CONFRONTATION

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• CONSUL VARO ON THE OTHER HAND WANTED A DIRECT
  CONFRONTATION USING THE WEIGHT OF HIS LEGIONS

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DISPOSITION OF FORCES

• BOTH SIDES PUT CAVALRY ON THE FLANKS. ROMANS DREW
  UP IN THREE LINES WHILE HANNIBAL PUT THE WEAKER
  GAULS AND THE SPANIARDS IN AN ARC IN TWELVE
  FILES, WITH STRONG AFRICANS HELD BACK AT EACH END
  OF THE INFANTRY LINE.

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• HANNIBAL MASKED HIS POSITIONS IN FRONT WITH LIGHT
  SLINGERS AND SPEARMEN.
• BEHIND THEM HE KEPT HIS CELTIC AND SPANISH SWORDS
  MEN IN A CONVEX CRESENT SHAPE IN THE CENTRE. ON
  THE LEFT WING HE KEPT THE HEAVIER CAVALRY AND ON
  THE RIGHT WING HE STATIONED THE LT NUMIDIAN
  CAVALRY

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CONDUCT OF BATTLE

• THE BATTLE COMMENCED WITH BOTH THE ARMIES
  ADVANCING TOWARDS EACH OTHER.
• THE ROMANS DROVE IN FAST WITH THEIR SUPERIOR
  INFANTRY THE CARTHAGIANS IN THE CENTRE LINE
  YIELDED WITHOUT BREAKING UNTIL THE ROMANS HAD
  PUSHED DEEP INTO THE MIDDLE.

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• WHILE THE CARTHAGIANS IN THE CENTRE RETREATED AS
  THOUGH UNDER THE PRESSURE THE LT TPS ALSO PULLED
  BACK TO THE REAR OF THE CRESCENT
• THE ROMAN CAVALRY ON THE RIGHT WING ADVANCED AND
  ENGAGED THE CARTHAGIAN HEAVY CAVALRY ON THE LEFT

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• THE CARTHAGIAN HEAVY CAVALRY WAS ABLE TO DESTROY
  THE ROMAN CAVALRY THEREBY LEAVING THE ROMAN RIGHT
  FLANK DEFENSELESS.
• THE ROMAN CAVALRY ON THE OTHER WING ALSO MET WITH
  THE SAME FATE.

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• NOW THE SITUATION WAS THAT THE ROMAN INFANTRY
  UNAWARE OF THE FATE OF CAVALRY WAS PUSHING
  FORWARD AGAINST WHAT APPEARED TO BE AN ENEMY
  GIVING GROUND UNDER PRESSURE

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BATTLE OF CANNAE
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• THE ROMAN CAVALRY ON BOTH THE WINGS HAD BEEN
  ROUTED
• THE CARTHAGIAN CAVARY AT THIS MOMENT FELL ON THE
  REAR OF THE ADVANCING ROMANS WITH THE LIGHT
  INFANTRY APPEARING ON THE FLANKS

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• THE ADVANCE OF THE ROMANS WAS CHECKED BY THE
  FLANKING ECHELONS
• THUS THE TRAP WAS CLOSED

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OUTCOME OF THE BATTLE

• OUT OF THE 80,000 ROMAN LEGIONAIRES WHO HAD
  STARTED THE FIGHT 46000 WERE KILLED, 22000
  CAPTURED AND 12000 SURVIVED THE FIGHT.
• THIS WAS THE BIGGEST EVER DEFEAT IN THE ROMAN
  HISTORY.

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• THE LOSSES OF HANNIBAL WERE ALMOST NEGLIGIBLE AS
  COMPARED TO THE VICTORY ACHIEVED.
• SOME 5000 WERE KILLED AND ALMOST AN EQUAL NUMBER
  WERE WOUNDED.

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• HANNIBAL REMAINED UNDEFEATED FOR 12 YEARS AND HIS
  ARMY WENT ANYWHERE THEY WANTED IN ITALY AND
  RAVAGED THE COUNTRYSIDE FOR 4 MORE YEARS BEFORE
  HE WAS CALLED BACK TO AFRICA.

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THE BEGINNING OF THE END

• ROME HAD LOST MORE THAN HALF A MILLION MEN IN
  BATTLES WITH HANNIBAL AND NEEDED SOME BODY WHO
  COULD BREAK HIS MYTH OF INVINCIBILITY.

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• THEIR PRAYERS WERE ANSWERED IN THE NAME OF
  SCIPIO. SCIPIO TOOK COMMAND OF THE ROMAN FORCES
  AND DECIDED TO TAKE THE RISK OF STRIKING AT
  CARTHAGE. 

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• IN 204 B.C., SCIPIO AND AN ARMY OF 25,000 MEN
  LANDED IN CARTHAGE. 
• HEARING OF THE INVASION, HANNIBAL HEADED BACK TO
  NORTH AFRICA WITH HIS TIRED ARMY. 

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• ON THE PLAIN OF ZAMA, SCIPIO AND HANNIBAL ALIGNED
  THEIR ARMIES FOR BATTLE.
• IN THIS BATTLE THE NUMIDIAN HORSE MEN SIDED WITH
  THE ROMANS.

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  HANNIBAL'S SOLDIERS FOUGHT COURAGEOUSLY BUT
WERE FINALLY DEFEATED. 
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• HANNIBAL PERSUADED HIS GOVERNMENT TO ACCEPT TERMS
  OF PEACE.
• AFTER THE RATIFICATION OF A PEACE TREATY,
  HANNIBAL BECAME THE CHIEF MAGISTRATE OF
  CARTHAGE. 

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• HE INCREASED THE STABILITY AND PROSPERITY OF
  CARTHAGE SO WELL THAT CARTHAGE SOON REGAINED ITS
  PLACE AS THE COMMERCIAL CAPITAL OF THE WESTERN
  MEDITERRANEAN. 

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THE END

• THE ROMANS WERE AFRAID OF CARTHAGES QUICK
  RECOVERY AND WERE ALSO AFRAID THAT HANNIBAL WOULD
  WAGE ANOTHER WAR.  IN 195 B.C., THE ROMANS
  DEMANDED HIS ARREST. 

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• HANNIBAL FLED CARTHAGE AND BEGAN A LIFE OF
  WANDERING AND EXILE. IN 182 B.C., TO AVOID
  CAPTURE BY THE ROMANS, HANNIBAL COMMITTED SUICIDE
  BY DRINKING POISON.