CYCLE ERGOMETRY

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CYCLE ERGOMETRY

• PWC 170TEST
• PWCMAXTEST

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HEART RATE REVIEW
RESTING HR (ADULTS AHA) 50 100BPM
AVERAGE ADULTS RESTING HR 72bpm
Ave. FIT ADULT RESTING H. R. 33 65bpm
Ave. ATHLETES RESTING H. R. 40 55bpm
TERMINOLOGY
BRADYCARDIA RHR LESS THAN 60 bpm
TACHYCARDIA RHR GREATER THAN 100bpm
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COUNTING H. R. -- PWC TEST
CONVERSION CHART AVAILABLE BUT NEED TO KNOW
FORMULA.
FORMULA 30 seconds 60
beats/ Time for 30beats

• Examples
• Time for 30beats 10sec.

30 3 beats/sec 10
X 60 180 bpm
b. Time for 30 beats 14sec. 30
2.143beats/sec x 60 128bpm 14sec
c. Time for 30 beats 20sec. 30
1.5beats/sec x 60 90bpm 20sec
An example NOT in table
d. Time for 30 beats 30sec. 30
1beat/sec x 60 60bpm 30
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Using the heart rate conversion chart.
Example 1 time 30 beats which took 10
seconds. Formula 30/10 x 60 180bpm
Using the chart instead of the Formula
Find 10sec. on the chart
Read the next column and get heart rate 180bpm
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STEADY STATE HEART RATE
Ride at 300kgm and plot HR againstworkload
Increase WL and follow HR
It takes Approximately3mins to reach SSHR,
butit might take 4 or 5 mins
HR immediatelyincreases continuesto increase
forabout 3 mins thenplateaus this Is termed
SSHR
If a third WL was Imposed a new SSHR would be
determined
Time (minutes)
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MAXIMUM HEART RATE AND AGE
Sid Robinson observed that there appeared to be
a relationship between MaxHR and age.
He decided to test this relationship and
conducted a classic experiment on 4000 men of
different ages (900-20 yr. olds, 950-30 yr. olds,
700-40 yr. olds, 650-50 yr. olds, 500-60 yr. olds
and 300 over 70 yr. olds)
All subjects were given a maximum treadmill run
to determine their maximum HR. Then an average
max. HR determined for that age group.
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MAXIMUM HEART RATE AND AGE continued
e.g. 900 20yr.olds MaxHRs 204 196 199 205 202 200
195 201 198 201 . . 800 more
maxHRs . . . . . .
. _______ 180,000 900 200 mean
There were 900 - 20 year olds
Some less than200
Some more than200
Distribution of 900 Max HRs for 20-year-olds
average was 200 bpm
Then did the same for 30 year-old, 40 year-olds,
50, 60, and 70 year-olds
Average 200
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MAX.HR AGE Continued
Joined the average HR for each age group and
plotted them against age
Each Hr on the line Is an average of a
distribution
The average max.HR for A 40 year old is 180bpm,
but some 40 yr-olds maybe above or below that
mean
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MAXIMUM HR PREDICTIONS
Robinson, et.al 220 age
Predicted max. HR
Literature Suggested for males 214 (.8 x
age) Predicted max.HR
Literature Suggested for Females 214 (.7 x
age) Predicted max.HR
Little difference in final prediction
Prediction Gets Worst with age
AGE 220 AGE 214 x .8 214 x
.7 20 200 198 200 30
190 190 193 40 180 182 186 50
170 174 179 60 160 166 172
220- age is universally used
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND WORK
There is a linear relationship Between HR and WL.
However, there are some limitations
See following slides
HR
LINEAR
WORK
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND WORK
LINEAR BUT NOT AT MAX.HR
20yr-old
30yr old
40yr old
50yr old
60yr old
70yr-old
Depending on age HR plateaus at maximum, then
linearity ends
Heart rate HR
Work
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND WORK (cont.)
LINEARITY STOPS AT MAX HR
External stimuli such aslaughing,
nervousness,apprehensiveness, talking
HR
It may also not be linear at low HRs due to
external stimuli.
However,once the HR increases to about 110
bpm External stimuli no longer Affect the HR
WORK
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND WORK
Not linear at max.HR
150
BUT VIRTUALLY EVERYONE IS LINEAR BETWEEN110 bpm
150 bpm
HR (bpm)
110
Not linear at low HRs
WORK/EXERCISE
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND WORK
Here are 6 people, each has a linear relationship
between HR Work
Pat
Everyone is linear, buteveryone doesnt have
the same line
Pam
Dan
Jane
Eric
HR
In order to use the graph for predicting HR from
WL the subjects line must be known
Larry
The cycle ergometer test establishes the
subjects HR/W relationship (line). See next slide
WORK
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Sjostrand Working with Iron-Ore Factory
Workers Purpose To determine the ability to work
at a high HR
170
2. Join 2 points extrapolate to the 170
HR line
SSHRs
1. Man works at a low WL plots HR. Then another
low WL is imposed and SSHR again plotted
130
3. Where the HR / WL line intersects with the
170 bpm line drop a perpendicular to the base
line
120
300
450
1500
4. If this man had cycled until his HR rate
was 170 he would have been doing 1500kgm
on the bike (predicting)
Low workload
Another Low Workload
5. This is called PWC170
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Several tests have been used PWC150 PWC170
PWC(anyHR) PWCmax
? 150-170-max
Join 2 points extrapolateto the ANY chosen HR
line150 (PWC150), 170 (PWC170)Max (PWCmax)
SSHRs
130
Where the HR / WL line intersects with the
CHOSEN HR line drop a perpendicular to the base
line
120
Interpretation
In this example if this man had cycled until his
HR rate wasWHATEVER HR WAS CHOSEN he would have
been doing 1500kgm on the bike
300
450
1500
Low workload
Another Low Workload
The YMCA UNLV choseMax.HR (220 age)
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VALIDATION OF SJOSTRANDS PWC170 (RIBISL)
1. 25 students were given alow WL (see A) and
their SSHR plotted.
2. Then they were given a second low WL (see B)
their SSHR plotted.
170 HR line
170
3. They then free-wheeled(no resistance) while
the 2 SSHRs were joined and extrapolated to 170
a perpendicular dropped giving C
HR
4. C WL was then put in the cycle and the
subject rode until SSHR.
A
B
C
WORK
If the test was valid then the HR would be at
170 . 99 of them were at a HR of 170, validating
the test
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REGRESSION LINE OR LINE OF BEST FIT VS A LINE
BASED ON 2 HEART RATES
8 SSHRs plotted against Workload very linear but
NOT a straight line
A line of best fit (regression line) can be
calculated and plotted representing the best line
for these 8 points
Heart rate
The question arises if only two points (heart
rates) above 110bpm were used, how much of an
error would occur?
If you wanted to show the relationship
between HR and workload, several (6 to 10)
Workloads and heart rates would be determined to
demonstrate the relationship
Workload
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VALIDATION BETWEEN 2 POINTS MULTIPLE POINTS
Combs N30
Predicted Max.HR Line
REGRESSION LINE for all 8 points
TWO POINTS above 110 extrapolated
HR
Using both the regression lineand the first two
points over 110there was no significant
difference between the predicted max. workloads
WORKLOAD
DIFFERENCE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT
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COMPUTATION OF WORK (POWER) ON THE MONARK CYCLE
ERGOMETER
Starting at 12 oclock with the right foot on the
pedals, one revolution is when the right foot
returns to 12 oclock
If the flywheel wereon the ground and capable
of moving
6 meters
Then with one revolution of the pedalsthe wheel
would travel a distance of 6 meters
WORK DISTANCE X RESISTANCE X SPEED
On the Monark (only) distance is 6 meters
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WORK (POWER) ON THE MONARK CYCLE
WORK DISTANCE X RESISTANCE X SPEED
TO COMPUTE THE WORK DONE CYCLINGSUBSTITUTE INTO
THE FORMULA DISTANCE 6 METERS
(Monark) RESISTANCE KG ON THE BELT SPEED
RPM
Example 1 Resistance is ONE (1kg). One kg
resistance is imposed on belt. Distance 6
meters (always with the Monark) Resistance 1
kg (this can change is chosen)Speed
50 RPM (Could vary, most test use 50 rpm)
Substitute in formula 6 meters x 1 kg x 50
rpm 300kgm/min
Example 2 Resistance is Two kilograms (2kg)
NOW 6 x 2 x 50 600kgm
BUT IF SPEED IS CHANGED to 60RPM
Then the answered is changed 6 x 2 x 60 720kgm
CADENCE IS VERY IMPORTANT
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WORKLOAD IN KGM AT VARIOUS PEDALING RATES ON THE
MONARK CYCLE ERGOMETER
This chart comes with Each Monark ergometer
PEDALING RATES IN rpm
Speed of pedaling changesthe workload. Riding at
2kgat 50rpm is 600kgm. However,at 60rpm
720kgm at 80rpm 960kgm at 100rpm 1200kgm
However, UNLV and most tests only use 50rpm
Speed (cadence) is veryimportant
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WORKLOAD GUIDE
A conservative guide topreventing imposing too
great a workload on the participant
Everyone starts at 150kgmsubsequent WLs are a
function of HR response
Unfit subjects may only need 2 WLs, usually 3
are required
Occasionally 4 WLs arenecessary
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THE PWC MAX TEST
CALIBRATE THE METRONOME

• Calibrate the metronome most metronomes are
  electric and have a visual as well as an auditory
  signal. most metronomes also have volume controls.

.
2. Set the time for the number of beats needed
per minute. (Step test 24steps/min 24x4
96bpm PWC test 100bpm Bench press 60 bpm.etc.)
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3. With a stop watch count the number of beats
per minute (e.g. If set at 100bpm, start timing
the beats on the stop watch for a minute.) if at
one minute 100 is counted, the metronome is
calibrated. If not, turn the timer up or down a
little and recount. Continue to do this until one
minute produces exactly 100 clicks
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CALIBRATE THE CYCLE ERGOMETER

• Have a subject ride the cycle ergometer with no
• resistance on the belt (check it to make sure).
  While
• pedaling make sure the red mark on the pendulum
• is on zero. (see below).This is done before each
  test

While pedaling with no resistance, make sure
the red line on the pendulum is on the zero. If
not make it zero
Lock Nut
Adjusting Screw
Kg Meter Boardmoveable.
Balancing Spring
Resistance Belt
Pendulum with red reference mark
Flywheel
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CALIBRATING THE MONARK CYCLE ERGOMETER
CALIBRATING THE MONARK CYCLE ERGOMETER
Calibrating resistance accuracy once a year,
unless recently transported
Pendulum should move to the respective weight,
in this case - 4kg
Lock screw
Balancing spring
Moveable core to change Center of gravity
Insert screw driver to move core forward or
backward
Pendulum with red reference mark
Lock screw for core
With screw driver move core up or down
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The PWCmax Test continued
EQUIPMENT
1. Monark Cycle ergometer.
2. Metronome set at 100 beats/minute
3. A timer to clock riding duration.
4. A stopwatch to time heart rate.
5. A stethoscope to count heart rate.
6. Testing forms to record data, plus a PWC
graph, straight edge and sharp pencil
A workload chart and a HR/30sec conversion
chart should be available or posted.
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PWC TEST PROCEDURE
1. Check the calibration of the metronome.
2. Check the calibration of the Monark
3. Adjust the seat height. Without resistance
have the subject pedal and watch the subjects
legs. When the leg is in the down position
the knee should be straight, with the ball of
the foot on the pedal, and the hip extended.
Count the exposed holes and record the seat
height for future tests. A common fault is
having the seat too low.
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4. Set the metronome at 100beats/min and allow
the subject to pedal freewheel (no resistance) to
get the pace. At the desired 50RPM the each foot
should be on the down stroke with each click of
the metronome.
5. When the subject has the correct pedal speed
put in the first workload of 150kgm and start the
timer
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PWC TEST PROCEDURE continued
6. At the end of the 2nd and 3rd minute count the
HR if the two HRs are 5 or less beats different
SSHR is assumed. If the two HRs are more than 5
beats different, cycle an additional minute
until the last two HRs are less than five beats
apart. Record the workload and HR and check the
workload guide for the next workload.
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7. Change the workload without stopping pedaling.
There is no need to hurry emember each workload
can be 6 minutes. When the workload is imposed
and checked restart the timer for the second
workload and record the workload on the score
sheet. (see score sheet slide)
8. Regularly check the workload setting during
EACH workload period. As the friction belt gets
hotter, it tends to slip and give less
resistance, returning it to the correct setting
will insure that the subject is doing the
workload required.
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PWC TEST PROCEDURE continued
9. Because SSHR is being elicited at each
workload, when the HR taken is not exactly
critical. For consistency the HR should be taken
as the full two-and-three-minutes marks are
reached, which means the subject rides a little
longer than 3 mins., hence the timer is reset at
each WL.
.
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10. After the second workload is ompleted, record
the HR as after the first workload and proceed to
the next workload. If the HR after the first
workload was 110 or greater, it is used to plot
the results and the test is over. Normally the
first WL doesnt produce HRs great than 110, so a
3rd WL is needed
Throughout the test observe the subject closely
for any undue fatigue. Instruct the subject to
indicate how he or she feels from time to time.
However, do not engage the subject in
conversation during the testing.
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The test is now complete, have the subject cool
down by cycling with no resistance. When cooled
down, thank the subject .
Transfer the data to the PWC graph and plot the
results. If the subject is still present explain
the results to him/her.
Although, 3 workoads for 3mins each should take
9-12 minutes, allow at least 20 to 30 minutes
between subjects
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Record name, date, time, Age, weight, seat height
and predicted maxHR
Determine 85 of maxHR, and since 30 beats are
timed determine the number of seconds for that
HR. e.g. 40yr old maxHR 18085 153 which is
11.8sec. This is a warning not to take the
subject higher than 153 since this is a
SUBMAXIMAL test
Joe Smith
Sept.5 07
4 00pm
40
82
10
180
153
11.8
18
100
17.4
103
E.G. a 60 year old has a maxHR of 160bpm. 85 of
160136 therefore the 2 HRs needed should be
between 110 136, otherwise working at over
85 no longer a submax test.
300
120
15.0
126
14.3
13.8
130
450
12.6
143
145
12.4
Be sure to fill in the workloads during the test
Normally only 3 WLs are needed, but a place is
provided if 4 are needed
As soon as possible transfer The results to the
graph and plot
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Joe Smith
9/5/07
400pm
40
82
10
180
153
11.8
100
18.0
17.4
103
300
15.0
120
14.3
126
13.8
130
450
12.6
143
12.4
145
This data is now transferred to the PWC graph and
plotted, giving PWCmax and MaxV02
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Joe Smith
10
40
82
180.4
180
725
1.75
21.34
9/5/07
300/130
450/145
Predicted maxHR line
.
.
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Test Set-up for the PWC max Test
Workload Guide
HR Conversion Table
Timer
Counter or table
Metronome
Straight Edge
Score Sheet
calculator
Sharp Pencil
Cycle Ergometer Subject and Tester
If two subjects are tested, the second subject
can be placed Here.
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Taking HR timing 30 beats. be sure stethoscope
tube is away from the legs. Press on the back
with the right hand while holding the stop watch.
Use the first minute of the workload to locate
the position where you can hear the HR best
Take the HR at 2 minutes and at 3 minutes
Repeat for all workloads
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PWC max test with 2 or 3 workloads
Example with 2 workloads
Example needing 3 workloads
Since the first WL was more than 110bpm it can be
used in the determination of PWCmax
Since the first WL was less tha 110 it cant be
used two more WLs are needed
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Joe Smith
10
40
82
180.4
180
725
1.75
21.34
9/5/07
300/130
450/145
Predicted maxHR line
.
.
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Using the previous example the graph predicted a
V02max of 1.75L/min
The HR at 300kgm was 130, using this chart, the
prediction of V02 max 1.9L/min. this must be
age corrected (see table 6a next slide).
This is corrected to 1.58L/min
The HR at 450kgm was 145, using this chart, the
prediction of V02max 2.4L/min. this must be
age corrected (see table 6a).
This is corrected to 1.99L/min
This data was made up Real data would have made
the V02max closer.
Table 4. is the same table but for women
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Age correction factor for predicting V02 max from
HR WL
Subject is 40 years old
Multiply V02max by .83 to correct for age
First WL 1.9L/min x .83 1.58L/min
Second WL 2.4L/min X .83 1.99L/min
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Original Borg RPE Scale 6 - 19
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Original Borg Pain Scale 0-10 recently revised as
an RPE scale
Approximate age of V02max
Original Borg Scale 6-20
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BLOOD PRESSURE AND THE PWCmax TEST
ACSMs cycle ergometer test is the same as
described, except blood pressure is taken at the
end of each workload. This is primarily because
physicians are commonly in attendance and often
post-cardiacs are tested. UNLV and the National
YMCA do not take BP since it calls for a medical
decision. If an MD is present BP can be included.