Rinderpest

1
Rinderpest

• Cattle Plague
• RPV

2
Overview

• Organism
• Economic Impact
• Epidemiology
• Transmission
• Clinical Signs
• Diagnosis and Treatment
• Prevention and Control
• Actions to take

3
The Organism
4
The Organism

• Family Paramyxoviridae
• Genus Morbillivirus
• Other members of the family include
• Peste des Petits Ruminants virus
• Measles virus
• Canine distemper virus
• Phocid distemper virus
• of sea mammals
• Relatively fragile virus

5
Importance
6
History

• 1184 BC
• The siege of Troy
• War and movement of armies
• 1762
• First veterinary school established in France
• in response to Rinderpest
• 1885
• Great African Pandemic
• 1960s
• Eradicated from most of Europe, China,
• Russia and Far East
• 1992
• Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP)

7
Economic Impact

• Destroys entire populations of cattle
• Leads to famine in cattle-dependent areas
• 1982-1984 outbreak 500 million
• 100 million
• spent annually
• on vaccination

8
Epidemiology
9
Species Affected

• Mainly a disease of cattle and domestic buffalo,
  including water buffalo
• Most wild and domestic cloven-footed
  animals can become infected
• Zebu, sheep and goats, pigs, and wild ungulates
  in contact with cattle

10
Geographic Distribution
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Morbidity/ Mortality

• Naive populations mortality may reach 100
• Endemic areas
• Susceptible stock are
  immature or young adults

12
Transmission
13
Animal Transmission

• Direct contact
• Nasal/ocular secretions
• Feces, urine, saliva, and blood
• Contaminated food or water
• Indirect contact
• Fomites

14
Animal Transmission

• Aerosol transmission only very short distances
• Most infectious period 1-2 days before clinical
  signs and 8-9 days after onset of clinical signs
• Vector transmission unknown
• No chronic carrier state
• Wildlife not a reservoir

15
Animals and Rinderpest
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Clinical Signs

• Incubation period
• 3-15 days, usually 4-5 days
• Four forms of disease
• Classic, Peracute, Subacute, Atypical

17
Clinical Signs

• Classic form
• Fever, depression, anorexia
• Constipation followed by hemorrhagic diarrhea
• Serous to mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
• Necrosis and erosion
• of the oral mucosa
• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Death in 6-12 days

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Clinical Signs

• Peracute
• Young animals, high fever with congested mucous
  membranes, death in 2-3 days
• Subacute
• Mild clinical signs with low mortality
• Atypical
• Irregular fever, mild or no diarrhea
• Immunosuppression leading to secondary infections

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Post Mortem Lesions

• Esophagus
• Brown and necrotic foci
• Omasum
• Rare erosions and hemorrhage
• Small intestine, abomasum, cecum and
  colon
• Necrosis, edema and congestion
• Tiger striping

20
Post Mortem Lesions

• Lymph nodes
• Swollen and edematous
• Gall Bladder
• Hemorrhagic mucosa
• Lungs
• Emphysema, congestion and areas of
  pneumonia

21
Differential Diagnosis

• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
• Bovine viral diarrhea
• Malignant catarrhal fever
• Foot and mouth disease
• Bluetongue
• Salmonellosis
• Paratuberculosis
• Peste des petits
• ruminants

22
Sampling

• Before collecting or sending any samples, the
  proper authorities should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure
  conditions and to authorized laboratories to
  prevent the spread of the disease

23
Diagnosis

• Clinical
• Rapidly spreading acute febrile illness in all
  ages of animals
• Accompanying clinical signs consistent with RPV
• Laboratory Tests
• Isolation and confirmation of virus

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Diagnosis

• Samples to Collect
• Live animals
• Viremia drops when fever falls and diarrhea
  begins
• Blood sample
• Swabs of lacrimal fluid
• Necrotic tissue of oral cavity
• Aspirations of superficial lymph nodes
• Dead animals
• Spleen, lymph node, tonsil

25
Treatment

• No known treatment
• Diagnosis usually means slaughter of effected
  animals
• Supportive care with antibiotics in rare cases of
  valuable animals
• Preventative measures are key

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Public Health Significance

• Rinderpest virus does not cause disease in humans

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Prevention and Control
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Recommended Actions

• Notification of Authorities
• Federal
• Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)
  www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/area_offices.htm
• State veterinarian www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/sregs/off
  icial.htm
• Quarantine

29
Disinfection

• Chemical
• Glycerol and lipid solvents
• Natural
• pH 2 and 12
• For at least 10 minutes
• Optimal survival for the virus is at pH 6.5-7

30
Vaccination

• Most commonly used vaccines
• Cell-culture-adapted
• Colostral immunity interferes with vaccination
• Vaccinate calves annually for 3 years
• Heat stability of vaccine an issue

31
Prevention

• Endemic areas
• Vaccinate national herd according to
  recommendations
• High-risk countries
• Vaccination of susceptible animals
• Rinderpest free countries
• Import restrictions on susceptible animals and
  uncook meat products from infected countries

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Additional Resources
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Internet Resources

• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
  website
• www.oie.int
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases The Gray Book
• www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
  Nations
• www.fao.org

34
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a
grant from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention to the Center for Food Security and
Public Health at Iowa State University.
35
Acknowledgments
Authors Co-authors Reviewer
Jamie Snow, DVM, MPH Katie Steneroden, DVM Anna
Rovid Spicker, DVM, PhD Kristina August,
DVM Radford Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM Bindy Comito
Sornsin, BA