Today’s Discussion

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• Todays Discussion
• 1)Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
• 2)Plant vs. Animal

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Size of Living Things
1 m 100 cm 1,000mm 1,000,000 µm
1,000,000,000nm 1mm 1000 µm 1000000nm 1 µm
1000nm
Diagrams LargeDiagram http//www.cellsalive.co
m/howbig.htm RelativeScale Created by
TimVickers, vectorized by Fvasconcellos
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Two basic types of cells

• Prokaryotes
• -Almost always single-celled
• -Reproduce by binary fission (well cover this
  term in February).
• -No cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound
  organelles
• i.e. DNA travels openly around the cell.
• All bacteria are prokaryotes.
• Eukaryotes
• -Can either be single-celled or multi-celled.
• -Can reproduce in one of several ways (Ex.
  meiosis, mitosis).
• -Have cell nucleus within containing its DNA.

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Prokaryotic Cells The details

• Pro-, before, karyon, nucleus
• Believed to be the first cells to evolve.
• Lack a membrane bound nucleus and organelles.
• Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes are only organelle.

Image Mariana Ruiz
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Eukaryotic Cells

• (eu-, true, karyon, nucleus)
• Genetic material contained in a nuclear membrane.
• Membrane bound organelles.
• Evolved from prokaryotic ancestor.

Image Mariana Ruiz
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Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Image k12station.blogspot.com/2006_08_01_archive.
html
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Animal Cell
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Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Plant Cell
Section 7-2
Go to Section
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ANIMAL CELLS
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Cytoplasm

• Function a molecular matrix
• in which the organelles are
• suspended
• Consists of cytosol and organelles, except for
  the cell nucleus.
• Cytosol is made up of water, salts, organic
  molecules and many enzymes that catalyze
  reactions.

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Cytoskeleton

• Functions Multiple
• Maintains cell SHAPE
• Protects the cell
• Enables some cell MOVEMENT (using structures
  such as flagella and cilia)
• Plays important roles in intra-cellular
  transport (the movement of vesicles and
  organelles)
• Plays important role in cellular DIVISION

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Centrioles Centrosomes
The Centriole, also called the "microtubule
organizing center", is an area in the cell where
microtubules are produced. Function Area in
which Microtubules are produced. Within the
cells of animals are a pair of Centrosomes, made
of nine sets of triplet microtubules. Function
Allows the cell to split during Mitosis
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Cilia Flagella

• Functions
• External appendages from cell membrane
• Aid in locomotion of the cell.
• Internal structure consists of microtubules.
• Motility gt coordinated sliding movements of
  microtubules.

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Organelles Ribosome

• Function Make proteins
• Can be found alone in the cytoplasm, in groups
  called polyribosomes, or attached to the
  endoplasmic reticulum.

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A SIDE NOTE.
Found in plants animals
Mitochondria Chloroplast Both organelles
house energy in the form of ATP. Both
ancestrally were independent cells that formed a
symbiotic relationship with other cells (what is
this theory called?)
Not found in animals
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Mitochondria
Function Energy formation. Breaks down
glucose to make ATP Bound by a double membrane
surrounding fluid-filled matrix.
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Chloroplasts
Bound by two membranes enclosing a fluid-filled
stroma that contains enzymes. Function Absorb
solar energy and produce carbohydrates
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Nucleus

• Function Separates the genetic material (DNA)
  from the rest of the cell.
• DNA, the genetic material, is a blueprint, or
  code for making proteins.

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Function Internal production delivery system
of the cell. Rough ER is studded with
ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis and
processing. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes. Site of
synthesis of phospholipids and packaging of
proteins into vesicles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Golgi Apparatus
Functions -Receives protein and also
lipid-filled vesicles from the ER, packages,
processes, and distributes them within the cell
or for export out of the cell (secretion). -enclo
ses digestive enzymes into membranes to form
lysosomes.
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• Function Store, transport, or digest cellular
  products and waste.
• Small compartments separated from the cytosol by
  at least one lipid bilayer.
• Made in Golgi apparatus, ER, or from parts of the
  plasma membrane.
• Vesicles form while taking in (Endocytosis) or
  discharging (Exocytosis) materials.

Vesicles
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Lysosomes
Function Break down food into particles the rest
of the cell can use and to destroy old
cells -Contain hydrolytic enzymes and are
involved in intracellular digestion.
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We have now talked about the structure and
function of animal cells.

• Now we will discuss the organelles specific to
  plant cells

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Chloroplasts
Bound by two membranes enclosing a fluid-filled
stroma that contains enzymes. Function Absorb
solar energy and produce carbohydrates
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Vacuole
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Function Stores water
Section 7-2
Please water me!
- This is what makes lettuce crisp. - When
there is no water, the plant wilts.
Go to Section
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Cell Wall

• Function Provides support and protection to the
  cell membrane
• Found outside the cell membrane in plant cells

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What is the difference between these two??

• http//www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm