America and World War II

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America and World War II

• APUSH
• Mr. McElhaney

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AP Outline

• 21. The Second World War
• The rise of fascism and militarism in Japan,
  Italy, and Germany
• Prelude to war policy of neutrality
• The attack on Pearl Harbor and United States
  declaration of war
• Fighting a multi-front war
• Diplomacy, war aims, and wartime conferences
• The United States as a global power in the Atomic
  Age

• 22. The Home Front During the War
• Wartime mobilization of the economy
• Urban migration and demographic changes
• Women, work, and family during the war
• Civil liberties and civil rights during wartime
• War and regional development
• Expansion of government power

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Terms to Know

• Treaty of Versailles
• Good Neighbor Policy
• Washington Naval Conference, 1922
• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
• Stimson Doctrine
• Trade Agreements Act
• Neutrality Act
• Axis Alliance
• Munich Agreement
• Lend-Lease Act, 1941
• German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• Selective Training and Service Act
• Tripartite Pact
• Maginot Line
• Battle of Britain/ Operation Sea Lion
• Atlantic Charter, 1941
• Hideki Tojo/Japan
• War Powers Act
• Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)

• Eisenhower
• D-Day
• Servicemens Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill)
  Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940
• Buenos Aires Conference, 1936
• Four Freedoms Speech
• Rosie the Riveter
• War Production Board
• Tuskegee Airmen
• Phillip Randolph
• Wartime Conferences
• Casablanca
• Cairo
• Teheran
• Quebec
• Yalta
• Potsdam
• Manhattan Project
• Robert Oppenheime
• Los Alamos, Alamogordo

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Questions- Pre-World War II

• Basic questions you should be able to answer
• How does the US public respond to Japanese,
  Italian, and German militarism and aggression in
  the 1930s?
• Was it inevitable that the United States was
  going to join the War?
• How does the Roosevelt administration try to stay
  out of the growing conflicts in Europe and Asia
  and what finally pushes the US into the conflict?
• How was FDRs Good Neighbor policy a departure
  for American politicians since the 1890s?

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Quiz 3-13

• Respond to two of the following
• How did FDR reinforce the policy toward Latin
  America begun by the Hoover administration?
• Explain how the Stimson Doctrine is applied in
  relation to China.
• What action does Congress take in an effort to
  support American neutrality?

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Quiz 3-14

• Can the British and French be justifiably
  criticized for appeasing Hitler? Explain

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United States Status After WWI

• After WWI US is considered Isolationist by many,
  because of the desire to stay out of
  international politics (not a member of League of
  NationsWilson and Republicans)
• Few international treaties
• Washington Naval Conference-limits naval
  armaments
• Kellogg-Briand Pact-outlaws war
• Dawes Plan- reorganizes German WWI debt payments
• Trade drives American motives
• Reduction of interference in Latin America
• Above all- popular opinion in US is to stay out
  of foreign wars!

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FDR and Foreign Affairs

• Similar to Wilson wanted to use power to maintain
  order
• Moral and just principles
• However, must abide by public opinion which is
  Isolationist
• Appoints Cordell Hull as Secretary of State
• Basic views
• Isolation is not a lasting policy
• Technology impacts distance of oceans
• Important to maintain American interests
• Reciprocal Reduction of Tariffs- will help the
  economy countries that reduce tariffs, US will
  also reduce tariffs more trade for both partners

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Good Neighbor Policy

• FDR wanted to continue the cordial relations with
  the world and Latin America in particular
• Continued attempt begun with Hoover
• Cooperation and non-interventionist
• Example 1933 Montivideo International
  Conference- Uruguay
• Repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
  Doctrine
• Withdrew troops from Haiti
• Did not send troops to Cuba
• 1936 FDR visited Buenos Aires, arranged meeting
  of LA nations supporting peace movement

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Mussolini-Italian Right Wing Dictator

• Came to power in 1922
• Right Wing, anti-Socialist and Communist
• Wanted greatness like the Roman Empire for Italy
• Repressive but not too extreme- (no concentration
  camps)
• Nationalist
• Invades Somalia (1935) and Ethiopia in 1936

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Halle Selassie

• Ethiopian Emperor- Condemned the invasion of his
  country in the League of Nations
• This was a perfect example of the failure of the
  League- no way to enforce peace- beyond economic
  sanctions
• Haile Selassie is regarded as the Messiah of the
  African race by followers of the Rastafarian
  movement. The word ''Rastafarian'' comes from
  Selassie's pre-coronation name, Ras Tafari.

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Hitler Rises to Power

• Germany has problems
• Economic Depression
• Conflict with Socialist/Communists against Right
  Wing Groups- Nazis are one group
• Nazis gain significant power in Reichstag (German
  legislature) 1933 and Hitler ascends to
  Chancellor (similar to Prime Minister-executive
  branch)

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Factors that Contributed to Hitlers Rise

• Economic depression
• Treaty of Versailles (Peace Treaty Germany and
  Allies World War I)
• Striped Germany of land (East Prussia, Danzig and
  empire)
• Striped Germany of military, navy, air force
• Allies had a right to intervene (Saar Basin
  Rhineland, many resources)
• German had to take explicit blame for the war
• Pay War Repartitions
• Socialists/Communists vs Right Wing groups were
  fighting for control
• Created conditions for popularity of Nazis for
  some German voters

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Hitler and Hindenburg

• New Chancellor and Old President of Weimar
  Republic

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Hitler-Once in Power

• Hitler vows to make Germany great again
• To Claim its rightful place in the Sun.
• Reichstag fire Hitler has emergency powers
• Hitler begins to implement his plan- (found in
  his book Mein Kampf)
• Rearm Germany
• Unite the German people in one country (all
  German speaking people 1938 Anschluss- political
  unity between Austria and Germany, later
  Czchechoslovakia and East Prussia (part of
  Poland)
• Ethnically Cleanse German Territory (all
  non-AryanJews, Gypsies)
• Expand East Lebensraub- into Russian lands,
  Destroy communists

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European Appeasement

• One of the huge lessons of World War II that is
  brought up again and again is the idea of
  Appeasement (giving in to demands as an expedient
  to avoid a conflict or difficult struggle)
• The powers of France, Great Britain and others in
  Europe have been accused of appeasing Hitler when
  they should have stopped his early demands.
• The idea is that perhaps Hitler could have been
  stopped. Before he was too powerful.
• By giving in to Hitlers demands, it encouraged
  him to push further and brought another Global
  War
• British Prime Minister Nevielle Chamberlain will
  always be remembered for his appeasement of
  Hitler. (Peace in Our Time)

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Why did the Allies appease Hitler?

• Treaty of Versailles- Peace was too harsh
• All consuming desire for peace
• Rearmament
• Nationalism- create one nation, racial, ethnic
  homogeneity, with strength and a traditional
  spiritual location
• Anschluss-
• Chamberlain and Munich Sudetenland,
• 1939 Poland and the Polish Corridor-Danzig-
  Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
• 1941 Lebensraum and Operation Barbarossa-

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Failure of the League of Nations

• Recall the League of Nations was designed to
  prevent war
• Problems US is not part of
• It did not have an enforcement capability-
  especially could not use force
• Only weapon was economic embargo and public
  pressure
• When Japan, then Italy, and later Germany pursue
  aggression invading other countries (Manchuria,
  Somalia, Ethiopia, Spanish Civil War, and
  Czchoslovakia)
• The international body will have little or no
  effect

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China Still Weak

• After WWI China remains weak
• Open Door Reinforced
• Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Sen and Chiang
  Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over
  control with Communist forces of Mao Tse Tung

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Japan

• Wanted to expand its empire similar to France,
  Britain, and the US.
• Want to control Chinas abundant natural
  resources
• Japan was angry regarding the Washington Naval
  Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for
  Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and
  Britain, reinforced the Open Door policy, all
  nations can trade with China.
• Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted
  that power in Manchuria

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Japan invades Manchuria 1931

• Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in
  Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic
  interests, raw materials)
• Japanese military asserted rights to Manchuria
• Military- incident with Chinese forces is an
  excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name
  is Manchukuo.
• Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb
  Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goods

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Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuria

• US President was Hoover (1932)
• Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine-
  (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to
  acknowledge results of gains made by aggression-
• US will not recognize territorial changes-
• League of Nations condemns the attack on China
• Japan subsequently withdraws from League of
  Nations (League is essentially ignored)
• No country wants war and China will suffer
  greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion
  1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing)
• 200,000 civilians killed
• Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and
  essentially closes the Open Door

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Chinese Fight

• Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves
  capital to Chunking and even unites with the the
  Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the
  war.

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American Neutrality

• The Neutrality Act of 1935- members of congress,
  wanted to keep America out of war
• Popular idea, US entered WWI because of bankers
  and industrialists
• Imposed an embargo on warring nations
• Forbade American sale of war goods and ships
  from transporting munitions to belligerent
  countries
• Gave president power to prohibit Americans
  traveling on belligerent ships
• Neutrality Act 1936- forbade loans to belligerent
  countries
• Neutrality Act 1937- response to the Spanish
  Civil War
• Goods from the US to warring nations had to be
  paid for in cash (2 years only)

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More Neutrality

• Many groups in America wanted Isolation
• Irish, German- Americans
• Midwesterners, Anti-Communists, Anti-Semites,
  liberals who wanted continue reform, and
  pacifists
• Ludlow Amendment- Isolationist support was so
  great that- an amendment to Constitution was
  proposed, that only in case of attack or invasion
  could US declare war. (not approved)

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Spanish Civil War

• Loyalists-Democratically elected Socialists are
  attacked by Francisco Franco-
• Insurgents- Generalissimo Francisco Franco- Nazis
  and Italian Fascists support with 50,000 troops,
  planes, and tanks.
• Loyalists are supported by Soviet Union and
  International Brigades (Foreign volunteers- For
  Whom the Bell Tolls)
• American Neutrality Acts hurt the loyalist
  cause
• FDR wanted to help but was hampered by
  isolationist law makers

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Picassos painting of German bombing of ancient
city of Gurenica, during Span Civ War-
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German-Soviet Non Aggression Pact

• August 23, 1939- Hitler and Stalin sign a secret
  agreement to partition Poland-
• Germans invade Poland in the West
• Russians invade Poland in the East
• World War II in Europe begins- France and Britain
  had guaranteed Polish sovereignty
• US responds with a renewed Neutrality act 1939-
  cash and carry would aid allies alone

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Non Aggression Pact
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The Phony War

• September 1939-April 1940
• Germany rapidly beat Poland Blitzkrieg
• France and Britain mobilized and waited for
  attack
• April 1940 Denmark, Norway,
• May 1940 Belgium and France
• Dunkirk- 300,000 British troops escape the
  continent- Churchill now in charge
• Paris Falls June 1940
• England stands alone Battle of Britain

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Battle of Britain

• Brits were alone as of June 1940
• Winston Churchill, the new prime minister summed
  up the British attitude
• We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the
  end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on
  the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with
  growing confidence and growing strength in the
  air, we shall defend our island, whatever the
  cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we
  shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall
  fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall
  fight in the hills we shall never surrender.

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United States Reacts to WarDebate 1940
Isolationist or Internationalist

• Isolationists
• America First Committee
• Charles A Lindberg
• Intervention is detrimental to American
  interests

• Internationalists
• Committee to Defend America
• Best way to keep US out of war is to Help allies
  fight the Germans
• Roosevelt is sympathetic

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Lend Lease
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Wining the War

• To what extent was the mobilization for war a key
  factor in the American victory?
• How is the American home front and mobilization
  in WWI similar to the home front and mobilization
  in WWII and how are they different?

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Roosevelts Four Freedoms Speech January 1941

• To congress, State of the Union, focus on war
  preparedness
• the future of all the American Republics is
  today in serious danger.
• That is why this Annual Message to the Congress
  is unique in our history.
• The need of the moment is that our actions and
  our policy should be devoted primarily-almost
  exclusively--to meeting this foreign peril. For
  all our domestic problems are now a part of the
  great emergency.
• Just as our national policy in internal affairs
  has been based upon a decent respect for the
  rights and the dignity of all our fellow men
  within our gates, so our national policy in
  foreign affairs has been based on a decent
  respect for the rights and dignity of all
  nations, large and small. And the justice of
  morality must and will win in the end.

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Four Freedoms Continued

• The first is freedom of speech and
  expression--everywhere in the world.
• The second is freedom of every person to worship
  God in his own way--everywhere in the world.
• The third is freedom from want--which, translated
  into world terms, means economic understandings
  which will secure to every nation a healthy
  peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in
  the world.
• The fourth is freedom from fear--which,
  translated into world terms, means a world-wide
  reduction of armaments to such a point and in
  such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in
  a position to commit an act of physical
  aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the
  world.

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